Castration as a means of subjugation, enslavement or other punishment has a very long pedigree, dating back to ancient Sumer ( see also Eunuch ).

Castration of males usually has a pacifying effect on aggressive behavior in males.

Castration of various species in the non-breeding season has no effect on territorial aggression.

Castration has been used in modern conflicts, such as the Janjaweed militiamen currently () attacking citizens of the Darfur region in Sudan, often castrating villagers and leaving them to bleed to death.

This particularly in view that castration has a history, up to the modern age, of therapeutic use ; according to Victor T. Cheney, in his Castration: Advantages and Disadvantages ( Authorhouse, Dec. 2003 ),

Castration as part of religious practice, and eunuchs occupying religious roles have been established prior to classical antiquity.

There is an urban legend that a CBC announcer once referred to the network on the air as the " Canadian Broadcorping Castration ", which also sometimes remains in use as a satirical nickname.

Castration was frequently used for religious or social reasons in certain cultures in Europe, the Middle East, South Asia, Africa, and East Asia.

* The grindcore band Discordance Axis references Absalom at the end of the track entitled Castration Rite.

Castration before puberty ( or in its early stages ) prevents a boy's larynx from being transformed by the normal physiological events of puberty.

Castration was typically carried out on the soon-to-be eunuch without his consent in order that he might perform a specific social function ; this was common in many societies.

* Long-Term Consequences of Castration in Men: Lessons from the Skoptzy and the Eunuchs of the Chinese and Ottoman Courts, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism December 1, 1999 vol.

The Castration of Uranus ( mythology ) | Uranus: fresco by Vasari & Cristofano Gherardi ( c. 1560, Sala di Cosimo I, Palazzo Vecchio, Florence ).

Castration ( also referred to as gelding, spaying, neutering, fixing, orchiectomy, oophorectomy ) is any action, surgical, chemical, or otherwise, by which a male loses the functions of the testicles or a female loses the functions of the ovaries.

Castration also figured in a number of religious castration cults.

Castration prevents male pattern baldness if it is done before hair is lost.

Castration ( as a metaphor ) also plays an important role in psychoanalytically-influenced literary theory, for example Harold Bloom's The Anxiety of Influence.

Castration is commonly performed on domestic animals not intended for breeding.

" Castration.

* Theresa McCuaig, " Understanding Castration.

* Castration in males.

The Castration of Uranus: fresco by Vasari & Cristofano Gherardi ( c. 1560, Sala di Cosimo I, Palazzo Vecchio, Florence ).

Castration, and the elimination of hormonally driven behavior associated with a stallion, allows a male horse to be calmer and better-behaved, making the animal quieter, gentler and potentially more suitable as an everyday working animal.

Castration ensured that all sins caused by lepost could not be committed.

Castration of the undescended teste ( s ) should be considered for cryptorchid dogs due to the high rate of testicular cancer, especially sertoli cell tumors.

Castration anxiety is the fear of emasculation in both the literal and metaphorical sense.

`` This is a long picture and a controversial one, but basically it is a moral, enthralling and heartbreaking description of humans who have become unlinked from life as perhaps Rome has from her traditional political, cultural and religious glories ''.

`` Of the humans we left at the equator, one has discorporated and the others are sad ''.

That animals and humans are more altruistic towards close kin than to distant kin and non-kin has been confirmed in numerous studies across many different cultures.

There has been some debate on whether or not humans are truly capable of psychological altruism.

Anthropologists study topics including Homo sapiens origin and evolution, the organization of human social and cultural relations, human physical traits, how humans behave, the variations among different groups of humans, how the evolutionary past of Homo sapiens has influenced its social organization and culture, and so forth.

Historians of anthropology, such as Marvin Harris, indicate two major frameworks within which empirical anthropology has arisen: interest in comparisons of people over space and interest in longterm human processes or, humans as viewed through time.

( Rossum's Universal Robots ) ( 1921 ) – the play that introduced the word robot to the world – were organic artificial humans, the word " robot " has come to primarily refer to mechanical humans, animals, and other beings.

The ravages of the plague in Oran vividly convey the absurdist position that humans live in an indifferent, incomprehensible universe that has no rational meaning or order, and no transcendent God.

Ethanol has been produced and consumed by humans for millennia, in the form of fermented and distilled alcoholic beverages.

Hume offers his friend an objection: if we see an unfinished building, then can't we infer that it has been created by humans with certain intentions, and that it will be finished in the future?

He accepted that it is not within the power of humans to bring the summum bonum about, because we cannot ensure that virtue always leads to happiness, so there must be a higher power who has the power to create an afterlife where virtue can be rewarded by happiness.

Moreover they argued that some species have been created for the purpose of being sacrificed and eaten by humans, that it is normal for animals to kill and eat other animals, that agriculture, too, inevitably leads to the death of many animals, that plants are living beings as well and must still be destroyed, that we unintentionally and unknowingly destroy life forms all the time, and that a hunted animal has a fair chance to survive by killing the hunter.

A famous example of a bromine-containing organic compound that has been used by humans since ancient times is the fabric dye Tyrian purple.

* Bisexual species, in biology, one that has members of two different distinct sexes ( e. g. humans ), opposed to unisexual ( only one sex present, always females )

Bacillus Calmette – Guérin ( or Bacille Calmette – Guérin, BCG ) is a vaccine against tuberculosis that is prepared from a strain of the attenuated ( weakened ) live bovine tuberculosis bacillus, Mycobacterium bovis, that has lost its virulence in humans by being specially subcultured ( 230 passages ) in an artificial medium for 13 years, and also prepared from Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

* Multiple sclerosis: In humans, BCG has been shown to substantially reduce recurrence of symptoms in multiple sclerosis patients.

Smallpox occurs only in humans, and has no external hosts or vectors.

Worker at carbon black plant in Sunray, Texas ( photo by John Vachon, 1942 ) Pure carbon has extremely low toxicity to humans and can be handled and even ingested safely in the form of graphite or charcoal.

Among modern humans, cannibalism has been practiced by various groups.

Descartes, for example, has sometimes been blamed for mistreatment of animals due to the fact that he believed only humans have a non-physical mind.

The four species include the leopard snake ( locally known as Ochendra ), the Balkan whip snake ( locally called Dendrogallia ), the dice snake ( called Nerofido in Greek ), and the only venomous snake is the nocturnal cat snake which has evolved to deliver its venom in to geckos and small lizards and is not dangerous to humans.

The cane toad inhabits open grassland and woodland, and has displayed a " distinct preference " for areas that have been modified by humans, such as gardens and drainage ditches.

Among canids, only the gray wolf has been known to prey on humans.