Gaudí incorporated many motifs of Catalan nationalism, and elements from religious mysticism and ancient poetry, into the Park.

* Catalan nationalism

Though a sense of nationalism pervaded his earliest surreal landscapes and Head of a Catalan Peasant, it wasn ’ t until Spain ’ s Republican government commissioned him to paint the mural, The Reaper, for the Spanish Republican Pavilion at the 1937 Paris Exhibition, that Miró ’ s work took on a politically charged meaning.

A period of political stability, of repression of the workers movement, and of a slow growth in Catalan nationalist identity extended to the early years of the 20th century, when once again political opposition broke to the fore, especially republicanism and Catalan nationalism, but also class-based politics reflecting social tensions.

The defeat of the Republican armies in the Battle of the Ebro led in 1938 and 1939 to the occupation of Catalonia by Franco's forces, who abolished Catalan autonomy and brought in a dictatorial regime, which took strong measures against Catalan nationalism and Catalan culture.

Regional identification is most pronounced today in cultures linked to regional languages and non-French-speaking traditions-French language itself being only a dialect of Langue d ' oïl, the mother language of many of the languages to-be-mentioned, which became a national vehicular language, like ( in alphabetical order ): Alsatian, Arpitan, Basque, Brezhoneg ( Breton ), Burgundian, Corsu ( Corsican ), Català ( Catalan ), Francique, Gallo, Lorrain, Norman, Occitan, Picard, Poitevin, Saintongeais, etc., and some of these regions have promoted movements calling for some degree of regional autonomy, and, occasionally, national independence ( see, for example, Breton nationalism, Corsica and Occitania ).

Catalan nationalism was an important influence upon Modernista artists, who were receptive to the ideas of Valentí Almirall and Enric Prat de la Riba and wanted Catalan culture to be regarded as equal to that of other European countries.

* Catalan nationalism

Category: Catalan nationalism

During the last decades of the Franco regime and his 23 years as President of the Generalitat de Catalunya, Jordi Pujol pertained to the majority establishment in Catalan nationalism, which, instead of seeking a fully independent republic, intended to work towards a federalized Spain that would, according to Pujol, recognize Catalonia " as a country, as a collective with its own personality and differences ," and a " guarantee that her own identity be respected ".

Catalan nationalism (;, ) or Catalanism (), is a political movement advocating for either further political autonomy or full independence of Catalonia.

Völker ) played a vital role in mainstream Catalan Romantic nationalism.

Inspired by these works of Romantic nationalism, the Catalan economic elite became conscious of " the growing dissimilitude between the Catalonia's social structure and that of the rest of the nation " ( Vilar 1963: 101 ).

They knew that their patrons would want Catalan nationalism to include Spain for two reasons:

And hence, though manufacturers funded the Renaixença — and Catalan nationalism — they demanded that Catalonia stayed part of Spain to ensure economic stability.

The first Romantics in Catalonia and the Balearic Islands chose Spanish as their language, and wouldn't resort to using the Catalan language until a national awakening movement, kickstarted by Romantic nationalism, appeared.

In general, the CDC tends to be more supportive of Catalan sovereignty, while the UDC is considered closer to traditional Catalan autonomism and more nuanced nationalism.

The Catalan Company seized control of Athens, and with it Aegina, in 1317, and in 1425 the island came under Venetian control, when Alioto Caopena, at that time ruler of Aegina, placed himself with treaty under the Republic's protection in order to escape the danger of a Turkish raid.

Considered by most to have been the first mercenary company in Western Europe, the Catalan Company proceeded to occupy the Duchy of Athens, which they placed under the protection of a prince of the House of Aragon and ruled until 1379.

For Catalan historian Xavier Diez, individualist anarchism " under its iconoclastic, antiintelectual, antitheist run, which goes against all sacralized ideas or values it entailed, a philosophy of life which could be considered a reaction against the sacred gods of capitalist society.

This instrument also found its way to parts of Italy that were under Spanish domination ( especially Sicily and the papal states under the Borgia pope Alexander VI who brought many Catalan musicians to Italy ), where it was known as the viola da mano.

* July 24 – Sack of Cuenca ( Third Carlist War ): After Carlist forces successfully defended Estella, Don Alfonso de Bourbon, brother of the Don Carlos VII, led 14, 000 Catalan Carlists south to attack Cuenca 136 km from Madrid, held by Republicans under Don Hilario Lozano.

In the 11th century, fearing military action by neighboring lords, the bishop placed himself under the protection of the Lord of Caboet, a Catalan nobleman.

When Sardinia was finally conquered by the Catalan-Aragonese army, Cagliari ( Castel de Càller or simply Càller in Catalan ) became the administrative capital of the newborn Kingdom of Sardinia, one of the many kingdoms forming the Crown of Aragon, which later came under the rule of the Spanish Empire.

In 1353 it was captured by the forces of the Crown of Aragon under Bernardo de Cabrera ; in 1372, following several revolts, the indigenous population was expelled, and Alghero could later grow thanks to the arrival of Catalan colonists.

In 1323 the Catalan, under Peter, son of King James II, disembarked near Iglesias, in Southern Sardinia.

Identifiably Catalan culture developed in the Middle Ages under the hegemony of the Counts of Barcelona.

After the fall of Primo de Rivera, the Catalan left made great efforts to create a united front under Francesc Macià.

In the 1970s democratic forces united under the banner of the Assemblea de Catalunya (" Catalan Assembly ").

New elections under this statute gave the Catalan presidency to Jordi Pujol, a position he would hold until 2003.

The Catalan Company was an army of light infantry under the leadership of Roger de Flor that was made up of Aragonese and Catalan mercenaries, known as Almogavars ; Roger led the Company to Constantinople to help the Greeks against the Turks.

The current official division of Catalonia into comarques originates in an order of the semi-autonomous Catalan government under the Spanish Republic in 1936.

His reign has been characterised by nationalistic and nostalgic Catalan historians, as l ' engrandiment occitànic or " the Pyrenean unity ": a great scheme to unite various lands on both sides of the Pyrenees under the rule of the House of Barcelona.

The Almogavars, under the leadership of Roger de Flor (" Roger Blum ", a former Knight Templar ), formed the Catalan Company in the service of the emperor of the East, Andronicus II Palaeologus.

Catalan nationalists in Roussillon would like the Pyrénées-Orientales department to secede from Languedoc-Roussillon and become a region in its own right, under the proposed name of " Catalunya Nord " ( Northern Catalonia ), as part of the Països Catalans ( Catalan Countries ), a new country.

* Convergència i Unió coalition ( federated political party after 2001 ) in Catalonia governed the autonomous Catalan government from 1980 to 2003 under the leadership of Jordi Pujol with parliamentary absolute majority or in coalition with other smaller parties.

Prat de la Riba also founded the Escola de l ' Administració Local ( School of Local Administration ), in order to create a body of Catalan civil servants for the regional government.

Barcelona-El Prat Airport ( Catalan: Aeroport de Barcelona – el Prat, Spanish: Aeropuerto de Barcelona-El Prat ), simply known as Barcelona Airport, is located southwest of the centre of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, lying in the municipalities of El Prat de Llobregat, Viladecans and Sant Boi.

Prat de la Riba also created, the Escola de l ' Administració Local ( School of Local Administration ), and required Catalan civil servants to have attended this institution.

The name Prat is of Catalan origin ( not to be confused with the English ' Pratt ').

Casa Batlló () is a building restored by Antoni Gaudí and Josep Maria Jujol, built in 1877 and remodelled in the years 1904 – 1906 ; located at 43, Passeig de Gràcia ( passeig is Catalan for promenade or avenue ), part of the Illa de la Discòrdia ( the " Block of Discord ") in the Eixample district of Barcelona, Spain.

It is located at 92, Passeig de Gràcia ( passeig is Catalan for promenade ) in the Eixample district of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.

After the failure of the co-emperor Michael IX to stem the Turkish advance in Asia Minor in 1302 and the disastrous Battle of Bapheus, the Byzantine government hired the Catalan Company of Almogavars ( adventurers from Aragon and Catalonia ) led by Roger de Flor to clear Byzantine Asia Minor of the enemy.

de: Catalan

Non-English names include Treno suburbano in Italian, Cercanías in Spanish, Rodalies in Catalan, Nahverkehrszug in German ( and in most larger cities S-Bahns though these trains also often include city centre metro-like sections where lines have merged and services become more frequent, and stations are closer together to better distribute passengers into the city core ), Train de banlieue in French, Příměstský vlak in Czech and Elektrichka in Russian.

Dance of Death, also variously called Danse Macabre ( French ), Danza de la Muerte ( Spanish ), Dansa de la Mort ( Catalan ), Danza Macabra ( Italian ), Dança da Morte ( Portuguese ), Totentanz ( German ), Dodendans ( Dutch ), Surmatants ( Estonian ), is an artistic genre of late-medieval allegory on the universality of death: no matter one's station in life, the Dance of Death unites all.

For example, Joseph Goering of the University of Toronto has identified sources for Grail imagery in 12th century wall paintings from churches in the Catalan Pyrenees ( now mostly removed to the Museu Nacional d ' Art de Catalunya, Barcelona ), which present unique iconic images of the Virgin Mary holding a bowl that radiates tongues of fire, images that predate the first literary account by Chrétien de Troyes.

In about the year 1500 many Spanish, Catalan and Portuguese lutenists adopted vihuela de mano, a viol-shaped instrument tuned like the lute, but both instruments continued in coexistence.

According to Joseph Anglade, a philologist and specialist of medieval literature who helped impose the then archaic term Occitan as the sole correct name, the word Lemosin was first used to designate the language at the beginning of the 13th century by Catalan troubadour Raimon Vidal de Besalú in his Razós de trobar

Indeed, in the 12th and 13th centuries, Catalan troubadours such as Guerau de Cabrera, Guilhem de Bergadan, Guilhem de Cabestany, Huguet de Mataplana, Raimon Vidal de Besalú, Cerverí de Girona, Formit de Perpinhan, and Jofre de Foixà wrote in Occitan.

Real, legendary, and fictional episodes from the Reconquista are the subject of much of medieval Galician-Portuguese literature, Spanish literature, and Catalan literature, such as the cantar de gesta.

They began on 13 September 2009 in the town of Arenys de Munt in a self-organised local movement and was then followed by a slew of Catalan municipalities.

** Victoria de los Angeles, Catalan soprano ( d. 2005 )