STS-51-F ( also known as Spacelab 2 ) was the nineteenth flight of NASA's Space Shuttle program, and the eighth flight of Space Shuttle Challenger.

Despite mission replanning necessitated by Challenger < nowiki >'</ nowiki > s abort to orbit trajectory, the Spacelab mission was declared a success.

The 1974 Australian America's Cup Challenger was named " Southern Cross " KA 4 representing the Royal Perth Yacht Club and was defeated 4-0 sailing off Newport Rhode Island by " Courageous " US26 sailing for the New York Yacht Club.

Southern Cross became the trial horse for the 1977 Australian Challenger " Australia " KA 5 representing the Sun City Yacht Club that was defeated 4-0 sailing off Newport Rhode Island by Courageous US26 sailing for the New York Yacht Club.

He entered the USAF Manned Spaceflight Engineer program in 1982, and was scheduled to fly on mission STS-71-B in December 1986, but the mission was cancelled after the Challenger Disaster in January 1986.

In March 2012 a manned solo descent was made by the deep-submergence vehicle Deepsea Challenger.

The Summary Report of the HMS Challenger expedition lists radiolaria from the two dredged samples taken when the Challenger Deep was first discovered.

As small organisms with hard, calcareous shells have trouble growing at extreme depths because of the high solubility of calcium carbonate in the pressurized water, scientists theorize that the preponderance of soft-shelled organisms in the Challenger Deep may have resulted from the typical biosphere present when the Challenger Deep was shallower than it is now.

* The first untethered spacewalk was made by American Bruce McCandless II on February 7, 1984, during Challenger mission STS-41-B, utilizing the Manned Maneuvering Unit.

However, the mission was further delayed by the hiatus in launches that occurred after the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster.

His father Henry Nottidge Moseley ( 1844 – 91 ), who died when Henry Moseley was quite young, was a biologist and also a professor of anatomy and physiology at the University of Oxford, who had been a member of the Challenger Expedition.

The trench was first sounded during the Challenger expedition ( December 1872 – May 1876 ), which recorded a depth of 4, 475 fathoms, 8, 184 m ( 26, 850 feet ).

In 1877 a map was published called Tiefenkarte des Grossen Ozeans by Petermann, which showed a Challenger Tief at the location of that sounding.

During this survey, the deepest part of the trench was recorded when the Challenger II measured a depth of 5, 960 fathoms ( 10, 900 m, 35, 760 ft ) at, known as the Challenger Deep.

During surveys carried out between 1997 and 2001, a spot was found along the Mariana Trench that had depth similar to that of the Challenger Deep, possibly even deeper.

The Space Shuttle Challenger disaster was caused by rubber O-rings that were being used well below their glass transition temperature on an unusually cold Florida morning, and thus could not flex adequately to form proper seals between sections of the two solid-fuel rocket boosters.

Space Shuttle Challenger was torn apart 73 seconds after launch after hot gases escaped the Solid rocket booster | SRBs, causing the breakup of the Shuttle stack

In 1986, following the Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster, American Physicist Richard Feynmann, having served on the Rogers Commission estimated that the chance of an unsafe condition for a launch of the Shuttle was very roughly 1 %; more recently the historical per person-flight risk in orbital spaceflight has been calculated to be around 2 % or 4 %.

There was at the time no mission compliant, long range Ambulance ICU Jet anywhere available including, except for one of four Swiss Air Ambulance Challenger Jets, based half way around the globe at the REGA HQ, Zurich International Airport in Switzerland.

The depression is named after the British Royal Navy survey ship HMS Challenger, whose expedition of 1872 – 1876 made the first recordings of its depth.

Also, the deepest-diving underwater ROV, which recently set a record for exploring the Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench, is named after this figure.

The Apollo 17 lunar module that landed on the Moon in 1972 was also named Challenger.

( Huntsville also has schools named for Roger Chaffee, Ed White, and the lost space shuttles: Roger B. Chaffee Elementary School, Ed White Middle School, Challenger Middle School, and Columbia High School )

The expedition was named after the mother vessel, HMS Challenger.

The base, named for the deceased Space Shuttle Challenger astronaut Ellison Onizuka, was the primary artificial satellite control facility of the United States armed forces until August 2010.

In October 1873 the islands were carefully surveyed by the Challenger, which removed to Cape Town two Germans, brothers named Stoltenhoff, who had been living on Inaccessible Island since November 1871.

* Ronald McNair Boulevard in Lake City, South Carolina is named in his honor and lies near other streets named for astronauts who perished in the Challenger crash.

On January 28, 1986, seventy-three seconds into flight, the space shuttle named Challenger broke apart and disintegrated over the Atlantic Ocean.

* Challenger ( train ), a named passenger train fleet

Like Sherlock Holmes, Professor Challenger was based on a real person — in this case, a professor of physiology named William Rutherford, who had lectured at the University of Edinburgh while Conan Doyle studied medicine there.

* The Gorilla Comics series Section Zero, written by Karl Kesel, featured a scientific genius named Titania " Doc " Challenger, implied to be Professor Challenger's descendent.

There have been three tanks named Challenger in British military service.

* NKP Salve Challenger Trophy-Started as the Challenger series by the Board of Control for Cricket in India in 1994-95 and later named as NKP Salve Challenger Trophy in 1998-99, the tournament features 3 teams: India senior, India A and India B playing each other.

It is named in memory of Christa McAuliffe, the civilian astronaut who died in the 1986 Challenger space shuttle disaster.

Eight ships of the Royal Navy have been named HMS Challenger, most famously the survey vessel Challenger that carried the Challenger expedition from 1872 to 1876.

Challenger launched successfully on its second attempt at 29 July 1985, 17: 00 EDT, after a delay of one hour and 37 minutes due to a problem with the table maintenance block update uplink.

* 1988 – Space Shuttle: NASA launches STS-26, the return to flight mission, after the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster.

Challenger ( and the orbiters built after it ) had fewer tiles in its Thermal Protection System than Columbia.

Similarly, Enterprise was considered for refit to replace Challenger after the latter was destroyed, but Endeavour was built from structural spares instead.

Discovery had been twice chosen as the " Return To Flight " Orbiter, first in 1988 after the 1986 Challenger disaster, and then for the twin " Return To Flight " missions in July 2005 and July 2006 after the 2003 Columbia disaster.

Endeavour was the fifth and final spaceworthy NASA space shuttle to be built, constructed as a replacement for Challenger, which was destroyed 73 seconds after its launch on January 28, 1986.

* September 29 – STS-26: NASA resumes space shuttle flights, grounded after the Challenger disaster, with Space Shuttle Discovery.

* January 28 – STS-51-L: Space Shuttle Challenger disintegrates 73 seconds after launch, killing the crew of 7 astronauts, including schoolteacher Christa McAuliffe ( see Space Shuttle Challenger disaster ).

On January 28, 1986, he planned to give his address, but after learning of the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster, he postponed it for a week and addressed the nation on the day's events.

Seventeen years after the Challenger accident, Columbia broke up on reentry, killing all seven crew members, on February 1, 2003, and it was not replaced.

In 1986, Challenger disintegrated 1 minute 13 seconds after liftoff.

* Challenger – lost 73 seconds after liftoff, STS-51-L, January 28, 1986

Due to the suspension of America's manned space program after the Challenger explosion, the mission was canceled, and ASTRO-1 would not fly until late 1990 on STS-35.

The Shuttle was originally intended to replace expendable launchers in the launching of satellites, but after the loss of Challenger the Shuttle was reserved for previously planned missions and those requiring a crew.