Most people and institutions in China primarily use the Indian ( Arabic ) system for convenience, with traditional Chinese numerals used mainly in some formal or ceremonial occasions such as on printed money.

They were once used by Chinese mathematicians, and later in Chinese markets, such as those in Hong Kong before the 1990s, but has been gradually supplanted by the Arabic numerals.

* How to Bypass Internet Censorship, also known by the titles: Bypassing Internet Censorship or Circumvention Tools, a FLOSS Manual, 10 March 2011, 240 pp. Translations have been published in Chinese, Russian, Arabic, Farsi, Vietnamese, Burmese, and Spanish.

* Euclid's Elements, All thirteen books, in several languages as Spanish, Catalan, English, German, Portuguese, Arabic, Italian, Russian and Chinese.

The principal types of graphemes are logograms, which represent words or morphemes ( for example, Chinese characters, or the ampersand & representing the English word and ; also Arabic numerals ); syllabic characters, representing syllables ( as in Japanese kana ); and alphabetic letters, corresponding roughly to phonemes ( see next section ).

For instance, the Arabic word naft transitioned from denoting naphta to denoting gunpowder, and the Chinese word pao evolved from meaning catapult to referring to cannon.

A Chinese alchemical text dated 492 noted saltpeter burnt with a purple flame, providing a practical and reliable means of distinguishing it from other inorganic salts, thus enabling alchemists to evaluate and compare purification techniques ; the earliest Arabic and Latin accounts of saltpeter purification are dated after 1200.

ICAO logo. Top: ICAO acronym in English, French / Spanish and Russian. Bottom: ICAO full name in Chinese and acronym in Arabic

A Christian missionary in 1935 took a picture of a Muslim meat restaurant in Hankow which had Arabic and Chinese lettering indicating that it was Halal ( fit for Muslim consumption ), and it had two Kuomintang party symbols on it.

The languages that are most spoken in the world today belong to the Indo-European family, which includes languages such as English, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian and Hindi ; the Sino-Tibetan languages, which include Mandarin Chinese, Cantonese and many others ; Semitic languages, which include Arabic, Amharic and Hebrew ; and the Bantu languages, which include Swahili, Zulu, Shona and hundreds of other languages spoken throughout Africa.

Nasreddin often appears as a whimsical character of a large Albanian, Arabic, Armenian, Azerbaijani, Bengali, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Chinese, Greek, Gujarati, Hindi, Italian, Judeo-Spanish, Kurdish, Pashto, Persian, Romanian, Serbian, Russian, Turkish and Urdu folk tradition of vignettes, not entirely different from zen koans.

Furthermore, many other languages in non-Western scripts ( e. g. Chinese or Arabic ) do not have any capitalization at all, and even languages with capitalization may not consistently use it to distinguish names.

The supernova that created the Crab Nebula, the SN 1054, was observed by Arabic and Chinese astronomers in 1054.

In Arabic, Hebrew and Chinese poetry, the visual presentation of finely calligraphed poems has played an important part in the overall effect of many poems.

) and non-European ( Sanskrit, Persian, Arabic, Chinese, etc .).

Different computer operating systems have methods of support for input of different languages such as Chinese, Hebrew or Arabic.

Education also has close ties, as Sudanian students go to China to learn Chinese, and Chinese students go to Sudan to learn Arabic.

Many visual effects are possible, and the SVG specification automatically handles bidirectional text ( for composing a combination of English and Arabic text, for example ), vertical text ( as Chinese was historically written ) and characters along a curved path ( such as the text around the edge of the Great Seal of the United States ).

The young William Jones was a linguistic prodigy, learning Greek, Latin, Persian, Arabic, Hebrew and the basics of Chinese writing at an early age.

Today, Scientific American publishes 18 foreign-language editions around the globe: Arabic, Brazilian Portuguese, Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese, Czech, Dutch, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Lithuanian ( discontinued after 15 issues ), Polish, Romanian, Russian, and Spanish.

Albanian, Arabic, Assyrian ( VSO and VOS are also followed, depending on the person ), Berber, Bulgarian, Chinese, English, Estonian, Finnish, French, Italian, Ganda, Greek, Hausa, Hebrew, Javanese, Kashmiri, Khmer, Latvian, Macedonian, Polish, Portuguese, Quiche, Rotuman, Russian, Serbian, Spanish, Swahili, Thai, Vietnamese, Yoruba and Zulu are examples of languages that can follow an SVO pattern.

* Chinese numerals

Chinese numerals are characters for writing numbers in Chinese.

The more familiar indigenous system are Chinese characters that correspond to numerals in the spoken language.

The Chinese character numeral system consists of the Chinese characters used by the Chinese written language to write spoken numerals.

Most Chinese numerals of later period were descendants from Shang dynasty oracle numerals of 14th century B. C.

Decimal notation often refers to a base-10 positional notation such as the Hindu-Arabic numeral system ; however, it can also be used more generally to refer to non-positional systems such as Roman or Chinese numerals which are also based on powers of ten.

Examples are Roman numerals, Brahmi numerals, and Chinese numerals, as well as the Hindu-Arabic numerals used by speakers of many European languages.

Chinese numerals have symbols for 1 – 9, and additional symbols for powers of 10, which in modern usage reach 10 < sup > 44 </ sup >.

There were at least two presumably independent sources of positional decimal systems in ancient civilization: the Chinese counting rod system and the Hindu-Arabic numeral system ( the latter descended from Brahmi numerals ).

* Chinese numerals

This system is used when writing Chinese numerals and other East Asian numerals based on Chinese.

Thus, while it remains possible that the Babylonians and/or the Pythagoreans may perhaps have had the magic square of three before the Chinese did, more definite evidence will have to turn up from the Middle East or the Classical World before China can lose her claim to the earliest known magic square by more than a thousand years.

but why did the Old Chinese postulate five elements, when the Ancient Near East -- which may have initiated the idea that natural elements exerted influence in human life and activities -- recognized only four??

Even more divergent are American stir-fry dishes inspired by Chinese food, that may contain brown rice instead of white, or those with grated cheese ; milk products are almost always absent from traditional Chinese food.

* Wonton soup – In most American Chinese restaurants, only wonton dumplings in broth are served, while native Chinese versions may come with noodles.

Russian archaeologist L. A. Evtyukhova surmised, based on circumstantial evidence, that the palace may have been the residence of Li Ling, a Chinese general who had been defeated by the Xiongnu in 99 BC, and defected to them as a result.

For instance a Chinese company wishing to raise more money may issue a depository receipt on the New York Stock Exchange, as the amount of capital on the local exchanges is limited.

Although Confucius the man may have been a believer in Chinese folk religion, Confucianism as an ideology is humanistic and non-theistic, and does not involve a belief in the supernatural or in a personal god.

This idea may be traced back to early Chinese shamanistic beliefs, such as the king being the axle between the sky, human beings, and the Earth.

Following an Old Chinese reconstruction, his family and personal name respectively may have been Kʰˤoŋʔ Kʷʰə, while his courtesy name may have been Truŋsnˤərs.

For these reasons, according to many commentators, Confucius's teachings may be considered a Chinese example of humanism.

As it is now considered a veneration of Chinese history and tradition, even Communist Party members may be found in attendance.

The experiment is the centerpiece of Searle's Chinese room argument which holds that a program cannot give a computer a " mind ", " understanding " or " consciousness ", regardless of how intelligently it may make it behave.

Chinese couplets or " contrapuntal couplets " may be seen on doorways in Chinese communities worldwide.

Some Chinese couplets may consist of two lines of four characters each.

Chinese dishes may be categorized as one of the Eight Culinary Traditions of China, also called the " Eight Regional Cuisines " and the " Eight Cuisines of China ".

In the fast-paced or Super Chinese Checkers variant, played in Mainland China and popular in France, a piece may hop over a non-adjacent piece.

The shared culture may be as divergent as Western culture or Chinese culture.

Alleged infiltration of the U. S. government by Chinese Communist agents may have also played a role in the suspension of American aid.

Linebarger's cultural links to China are partially expressed in the pseudonym " Felix C. Forrest ", which he used in addition to " Cordwainer Smith ": his godfather Sun Yat-Sen suggested to Linebarger that he adopt the Chinese name " Lin Bai-lo " (), which may be roughly translated as " Forest of Incandescent Bliss ".

According to historian of Communism Archie Brown, the memory of the Cultural Revolution, where a form of mass political mobilization turned against the Party and resulted in chaotic destruction, may account for the reticence of educated Chinese to press for an end to one-party rule.