Zizhi Tongjian changed a tradition dating back almost 1, 000 years to the Shiji ; standard Chinese dynastic histories ( collectively the Twenty-Four Histories ) primarily divided chapters between annals ( 紀 ) of rulers and biographies ( 傳 ) of officials.

However, Vietnamese rulers never accepted the vassalage relationship with China and always refused to come to Chinese courts to pay homage to Chinese rulers ( a sign of vassalage acceptance ).

By the time of Mozi, Chinese rulers and the wealthier citizens already had the practice of extravagant burial rituals.

:" taught the Shanyu ( rulers of the Xiongnu ) to write official letters to the Chinese court on a wooden tablet () 31 cm long, and to use a seal and large-sized folder ".

* The Chinese army of the Qing Dynasty attacks a Russian post at Albazin, during the reigns of the Kangxi Emperor and the dual Russian rulers Ivan V of Russia and Peter I of Russia.

The Three Kingdoms period () was a period in Chinese history, part of an era of disunity called the " Six Dynasties " following immediately the loss of de facto power of the Han Dynasty rulers.

Beginning with the arrival of Dutch merchants in 1624, the traditional lands of the aborigines have been successively colonized by Dutch, Spanish, Han ( from both the Ming and Qing dynasties ), Japanese, and Taiwanese ( the Chinese Nationalist government, or Kuomintang ) rulers.

Shue argues that Chinese rulers historically have derived their legitimacy from a claim to possess an exclusive connection to the " Truth ".

Patsy Rahn ( 2002 ) describes a paradigm of conflict between Chinese sectarian groups and the rulers they often challenge.

Chinese feudal rulers with power over their particular fiefdoms were called Wang ( 王 ), roughly translated as King, but in fact somewhat amorphous and also readily maps to " duke " in English.

Before this, Huang ( 皇 ) and Di ( 帝 ) were given as titles of a number of rulers from the era known as the " sage kings " period, supposedly predating written history, but probably coinciding with or following the invention and early stages of evolution for the Chinese writing system.

In dynasties founded by foreign conquering tribes that eventually became immersed in Chinese culture, politics, and society, the rulers would adopt the title of Emperor of China in addition to whatever titles they may have had from their original homeland.

In fact, the vast majority of female rulers throughout Chinese Imperial history came to power by ruling as regents on behalf of their sons ; prominent examples include the Empress Lü of the Han Dynasty, as well as Empress Dowager Cixi and Empress Dowager Ci ' an of the Qing Dynasty, who for a time ruled jointly as co-regents.

The worship of the Dragon Kings as rulers of water and weather continues in many areas, and is deeply ingrained in Chinese cultural traditions such as Chinese New Year celebrations.

The Qing rulers changed the names on some of the principal buildings, to emphasise " Harmony " rather than " Supremacy ", made the name plates bilingual ( Chinese and Manchu ), and introduced Shamanist elements to the palace.

Several revolts started against the Chinese rulers.

From the beginning of the Zhou dynasty in 1045 BC to the time of the First Emperor, rulers of the Chinese states were titled Wang (), a term that originally meant " big man " but later came to mean " chief " or " king ".

Tuoba clan was awarded by Chinese rulers as the leader of western Xianbei clans ( 西部大人 ) and its people adopted their clan name as their surname.

The rule was also followed by non-Han Chinese rulers of Sixteen Kingdoms, Silla, Japan, Kingdom of Nanzhao, Liao Dynasty, Vietnam, Western Xia, Jin Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty and Qing Dynasty.

The Peiping Chinese were the only major silver seller in the world markets who stopped selling the metal on Monday morning, November 27, anticipating by two days the announcement of the U.S. Treasury that the pegged offering price will be removed.

The concept of the Middle Kingdom at peace, strong and united under a forceful ruler, which had been only a longed-for ideal in the time of the Warring States, was finally realized by the establishment of a Chinese Empire under the Ch'in dynasty ( 221-207 B.C. ).

but why did the Old Chinese postulate five elements, when the Ancient Near East -- which may have initiated the idea that natural elements exerted influence in human life and activities -- recognized only four??

And why did the Chinese suddenly begin to talk about the Five Directions, when the animals they used as symbols of the directions designated only the usual four??

Although the primary mathematical properties of the middle number at the center of the Lo Shu, and the interrelation of all the other numbers to it, might seem enough to account for the deep fascination which the Lo Shu held for the Old Chinese philosophers, this was actually only a beginning of wonders.

A number of fossil cryptobranchids have been found but there are only three living species, the Chinese giant salamander ( Andrias davidianus ), the Japanese giant salamander ( Andrias japonicus ) and the hellbender ( Cryptobranchus alleganiensis ) from North America.

* 1972 – The Universal Postal Union decides to recognize the People's Republic of China as the only legitimate Chinese representative, effectively expelling the Republic of China administering Taiwan.

* Wonton soup – In most American Chinese restaurants, only wonton dumplings in broth are served, while native Chinese versions may come with noodles.

Dau Miu () is a Chinese vegetable that has become popular since the early 1990s, and now not only appears on English-language menus, usually as " pea shoots ", but is often served by upscale non-Asian restaurants as well.

This, of course, gave great prestige to the Chinese version and in the first four years of play only one winner has emerged out of China.

Those benefiting the most are long distance freight services with the French train Havana-Santiago being the only passenger train using one of the new Chinese locomotives regularly.

Though the unified reign of the First Qin Emperor lasted only 12 years, he managed to subdue great parts of what constitutes the core of the Han Chinese homeland and to unite them under a tightly centralized Legalist government seated at Xianyang ( close to modern Xi ' an ).

The dynasty continued to flourish under Empress Wu Zetian, the only empress regnant in Chinese history, and reached its zenith during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong, who oversaw an empire that stretched from the Pacific to the Aral Sea with at least 50 million people.

Major combat in the Chinese Civil War ended in 1949 with Kuomintang ( KMT ) pulling out of the mainland, with the government relocating to Taipei and maintaining control only over a few islands.

It is particularly relevant for the social class to which most of Confucius ' students belonged, because the only way for an ambitious young scholar to make his way in the Confucian Chinese world was to enter a ruler's civil service.

Especially the works of Liu Zhu such as Tiānfāng Diǎnlǐ （ 天方典禮 ） sought to harmonize Islam with not only Confucianism but Daoism and is considered to be one of the crowning achievements of the Chinese Muslim culture.

San Francisco, despite its huge number of Chinese restaurants, appears to have only one whose cuisine would qualify as Halal.

However, they do not serve specialized Hui dishes, only Halal versions of ordinary Chinese food.

If the program is given to someone who speaks only English to execute the instructions of the program by hand, then in theory, the English speaker would also be able to carry on a conversation in written Chinese.

This theory also claims there can be only one rightful sovereign ruling all under heaven at a time but throughout Chinese history there have been many contentious and long periods of disunity where the question of legitimacy is moot ; see also Imperial Seal of China.

Not only do most intellectuals within the Chinese government follow this school of thinking, but it is also the common belief held amongst pro-free trade liberals in the West.

The Chinese government was very quick to reject this and claimed that only it has the authority to select the next Dalai Lama.

At that time the French and Chinese reconvened Geneva peace talks ; Eisenhower agreed the U. S. would participate only as an observer.

* Chinese has several romanizations that use the umlaut, but only on u ( ü ).