J. T. Shotwell was appalled by such spurious history as that which attributed the fall of the Carolingian empire to the woolen trade, and he urged Adams to `` transform his essay into a real history, embodying not merely those facts which fit into his theory, but also the modifications and exceptions ''.

Although Utopian communism is both new in 1516 and also modern, it is not modern communism or even modern socialism, as they exist or have ever existed in theory or in practice.

It is borne out also by the absence of any developed theory about how sin passes from one generation to the next.

Tylor also theorized about the origins of religious beliefs in human beings, proposing a theory of animism as the earliest stage, and noting that " religion " has many components, of which he believed the most important to be belief in supernatural beings ( as opposed to moral systems, cosmology, etc .).

Studies of alchemy also influenced Isaac Newton's theory of gravity.

Thales searched for a simple material-form directly perceptible by the senses, behind the appearances of things, and his theory is also related to the older animism.

Brønsted-Lowry theory can also be used to describe molecular compounds, whereas Arrhenius acids must be ionic compounds.

In class theories such as Von Neumann – Bernays – Gödel set theory and Morse – Kelley set theory, there is a possible axiom called the axiom of global choice which is stronger than the axiom of choice for sets because it also applies to proper classes.

Critics have also argued that, as the Austrian business cycle theory points to the actions of fractional-reserve banks and central banks to explain the business cycles, it fails to explain the severity of business cycles before the establishment of the Federal Reserve in 1913.

It was the prospect of bowling at this line-up that caused England's 1932 – 33 captain Douglas Jardine to adopt the tactic of fast leg theory, also known as Bodyline.

In category theory, an automorphism is an endomorphism ( i. e. a morphism from an object to itself ) which is also an isomorphism ( in the categorical sense of the word ).

For referring specifically to a U. S. national and things, the words used are estadunidense ( also spelled estado-unidense ) ( United States person ), from Estados Unidos da América, and ianque ( Yankee ), but the term most often used is norte-americano, even though it could, as with its Spanish equivalent, in theory apply to Canadians, Mexicans, etc., as well.

In 1904, he also wrote a novel, Born Again, clearly inspired by the popular Utopian fantasy Looking Backward by Edward Bellamy, an early harbinger of the metaphysical turn his career would take with the theory of Lawsonomy.

He also developed, during the Great Depression, the populist economic theory of " Direct Credits ", according to which banks are the cause of all economic woe, the oppressors of both capital and labour.

Also, as we now know, bosons also have antiparticles, but since bosons do not obey the Pauli exclusion principle ( only fermions do ), hole theory does not work for them.

Kolmogorov complexity is also known as " descriptive complexity " ( not to be confused with descriptive complexity theory ), Kolmogorov – Chaitin complexity, algorithmic entropy, or program-size complexity.

Lavoisier also contributed to early ideas on composition and chemical changes by stating the radical theory, believing that radicals, which function as a single group in a chemical process, combine with oxygen in reactions.

There are also connections to string theory, game theory, graph matchings, solitons and integer programming.

This was also a beginning of a substantial development by others, connecting representation theory and theta-functions.

Collaborators on the SGA projects also included Mike Artin ( étale cohomology ) and Nick Katz ( monodromy theory and Lefschetz pencils ).

Closely linked to these cohomology theories, he originated topos theory as a generalisation of topology ( relevant also in categorical logic ).

He also provided an algebraic definition of fundamental groups of schemes and more generally the main structures of a categorical Galois theory.

As a framework for his coherent duality theory he also introduced derived categories, which were further developed by Verdier.

The theory claims to show by analysis that when we say, `` That is good '', we do not mean to assert a character of the subject of which we are thinking.

A third theory assumes common authorship of the Western and Alexandrian texts, but claims the Alexandrian text is the short first draft, and the Western text is a longer polished draft.

According to bundle theory, an object consists of its properties and nothing more: thus neither can there be an object without properties nor can one even conceive of such an object ; for example, bundle theory claims that thinking of an apple compels one also to think of its color, its shape, the fact that it is a kind of fruit, its cells, its taste, or at least one other of its properties.

Theorist Jane Jacobs claims that city-formation preceded the birth of agriculture though offers no support for this theory.

The relationship between legitimate and illegitimate knowledges, Birchall claims, is far closer than common dismissals of conspiracy theory would have us believe.

Aside from controversies over the merits of particular conspiratorial claims, the general discussion of conspiracy theory is itself a matter of some public contention.

For example, certain activities of the House Un-American Activities Committee may be considered to have been an official attempt to promote a conspiracy theory, yet its claims are seldom referred to as such.

Ethical non-naturalism stands in opposition to ethical naturalism, which claims that moral terms and properties are reducible to non-moral terms and properties, as well as to all forms of moral anti-realism, including ethical subjectivism ( which denies that moral propositions refer to objective facts ), error theory ( which denies that any moral propositions are true ), and non-cognitivism ( which denies that moral sentences express propositions at all ).

The other theory claims that the epistolary novel arose from miscellanies of letters and poetry: some of the letters were tied together into a ( mostly amorous ) plot.

Gaetano Mosca in in his work The Ruling Class ( 1896 ) developed the theory that claims that in all societies, an " organized minority " will dominate and rule over the " disorganized majority ".

One theory claims that the Goths maintained contact with southern Sweden during their migration.

One theory claims that the name " haggis " is derived from Norman French.

" This theory of the Roman origins of many European folk traditions related to Diana or Hecate was explicitly advanced at least as early as 1807 and is reflected in numerous etymological claims by lexicographers from the 17th to the 19th century, deriving " hag " and / or " hex " from Hecate by way of haegtesse ( Anglo-Saxon ) and hagazussa ( Old High German ).

Insurance premiums from many insureds are used to fund accounts reserved for later payment of claims — in theory for a relatively few claimants — and for overhead costs.

Ethical subjectivism stands in opposition to moral realism, which claims that moral propositions refer to objective facts, independent of human opinion ; to error theory, which denies that any moral propositions are true in any sense ; and to non-cognitivism, which denies that moral sentences express propositions at all.

Much subsequent controversy about Rousseau's work has hinged on disagreements concerning his claims that citizens constrained to obey the general will are thereby rendered free: The notion of the general will is wholly central to Rousseau's theory of political legitimacy.

One theory of the origins of Freemasonry claims direct descent from the historical Knights Templar through its final fourteenth-century members who took refuge in Scotland whose King, Robert the Bruce was excommunicated by the Roman Catholic Church at the time, or other countries where the Templar suppression was not enforced.

Ricardo's labor theory of value is not a normative theory, as are some later forms of the labor theory, such as claims that it is immoral for an individual to be paid less for his labor than the total revenue that comes from the sales of all the goods he produces.

The likelihood theory claims that the distribution of the voltage measurements depends on the probability that an instrument not used in this experiment was broken at the time.

Criticism of learning theories that underlie traditional educational practices claims there is no need for such a theory ; that the attempt to comprehend the process of learning through theory construction creates more problems and inhibits personal freedom.