Claudius also made a law requiring plaintiffs to remain in the city while their cases were pending, as defendants had previously been required to do.

Nevertheless, many in the Senate remained hostile to Claudius, and many plots were made on his life.

Several coup attempts were made during Claudius ' reign, resulting in the deaths of many senators.

Claudius made the Praetorians promise to kill him if he ever married again.

The attempted coup d ' etat by Silius and Messalina had probably made Claudius realize the weakness of his position as a member of the Claudian but not the Julian family.

Two English translations of the Various History, by Fleming ( 1576 ) and Stanley ( 1665 ) made Aelian's miscellany available to English readers, but after 1665 no English translation appeared, until three English translations appeared almost simultaneously: James G. DeVoto, Claudius Aelianus: Ποιϰίλης Ἱοτορίας (" Varia Historia ") Chicago, 1995 ; Diane Ostrom Johnson, An English Translation of Claudius Aelianus ' " Varia Historia ", 1997 ; and N. G. Wilson, Aelian: Historical Miscellany in the Loeb Classical Library.

While at Athens, he developed a close friendship with his fellow student Basil of Caesarea and also made the acquaintance of Flavius Claudius Julianus, who would later become the emperor known as Julian the Apostate.

Like his uncle Caligula before him, Nero was also a direct descendant of Augustus Caesar, a fact which made his ascension to the throne much easier and smoother than it had been for Tiberius or Claudius.

They have, by the help of Divine Providence, overcome all obstacles, and have made themselves free ... I know not by what misfortune, we are fallen into the error of those, who poised the Emperor Titus to make room for Domitian, who made away Augustus that they might have Tiberius, and changed Claudius for Nero ... whereas the people of England are now renowned, all over the world, for their great virtue and discipline ; and yet suffer an idiot, without courage, without sense, nay, without ambition, to have dominion in a country of liberty.

He was appointed proconsul, entered and first addressed the Senate, made joint public appearances with Claudius, and was featured in coinage.

The heavy sedimentation of the river made it difficult to maintain Ostia, prompting the emperors Claudius and Trajan to establish a new port on the Fiumicino in the 1st century AD.

An effort is made to betrothe Claudius to Livia Medullina.

Claudius had served with the Roman army for all his adult life, making his way up the military hierarchy until the Emperor Gallienus made him the commander of his elite cavalry force ( hipparchos ) and subsequently his military deputy.

In the next year, when Autun revolted, declaring itself for Claudius, the central government made no moves to support it.

He was sentenced to death as a military prisoner, but made a speech before his execution that persuaded the Emperor Claudius to spare him.

A brother of Urgulanilla was made a patrician by Claudius.

Immediately after the death of Tiberius ( 37 AD ), Caligula made over to Herod Agrippa, at that time a prisoner in Rome, the tetrarchy of Philip and the tetrarchy of Lysanias, while Claudius, upon his accession ( 41 ), not only confirmed the liberality of his predecessor towards Herod Agrippa, but added all that portion of Judaea and Samaria which had belonged to the kingdom of his grandfather Herod the Great, together ( says Josephus ) with Abila, which had appertained to Lysanias, and the adjoining region of Libanus.

On the assassination of Caligula in 41, Agrippa's advice helped to secure Claudius ' accession as emperor, which he made a show of being in the interest of the senate.

In 53, he was deprived of that kingdom by Claudius, who made him governor over the tetrarchy of Philip and Lysanias.

Appius Claudius Crassus is said to have made an unjust decision which would have forced a young woman named Verginia into prostitution, prompting her father to kill her.

In 41 AD, the emperor Claudius recalled Piso to Rome and made him his co-consul.

This is highlighted by Claudius's failed attempts to revive the Republic ; by the attempts of various characters to ' restore ' the Republic but with themselves as the true rulers ; and by Claudius noting that ' by dulling the blade of tyranny, I reconciled Rome to the monarchy ' – i. e., in his attempts to rule autocratically but along more Republican lines, he has only made the Roman people more complacent about living under a dictatorship.

However, as the Flavians became established, they needed to emphasize their own credentials more, and their references to Claudius ceased.

In addition, Shakespeare also references Cain and Abel in Act III Scene iii of Hamlet when Claudius says, " It hath the primal eldest curse upon't / A brother's murder!

The references appear in Claudius 25 and Nero 16 which describe the lives of Roman Emperors Claudius and Nero.

One of the last textual references to Cosa comes from the work of Rutilius Claudius Namatianus in his De reditu suo.

The " barracks " referenced in the book of Acts ( 21. 34, 37 ; 22. 24 ; 23. 10, 16, 32 ), in connection to Claudius Lysias and his cohort are references to the Tower of Antonia, which Herod the Great rebuilt from a previous structure and named it after Marc Antony.

Her mother ’ s marriage to Agrippa was her second marriage, as Julia the Elder was widowed from her first marriage, to her paternal cousin Marcus Claudius Marcellus and they had no children.

Agrippina's paternal uncle, Claudius, brother of her father Germanicus, became the new Roman Emperor.

After Messalina was executed in 48 for conspiring with Gaius Silius to overthrow her husband, Claudius considered remarrying for the fourth time.

Another freedman, Gaius Julius Callistus, was against Claudius remarrying Paetina and stated to Claudius that he divorced her before and that remarrying Paetina would make her more arrogant.

Claudius was seduced by her passions.

When Claudius decided to marry her, he persuaded a group of senators that the marriage should be arranged in the public interest.

In the months leading up to her marriage to Claudius, Agrippina's maternal second cousin, the praetor Lucius Junius Silanus Torquatus, was betrothed to Claudius ’ daughter Claudia Octavia.

On the day that Agrippina married her uncle Claudius as her third husband / his fourth wife, she became an Empress and the most powerful woman in the Roman Empire.

The Celtic King Caratacus assumed that she, along with Claudius, was the martial leader and bowed before her throne with the same homage and gratitude as he accorded the emperor.

Agrippina successfully manipulated and influenced Claudius into adopting her son and having him become his successor.

For instance, in 51, Agrippina ordered the execution of Britannicus ’ tutor Sosibius because he had confronted her and was outraged by Claudius ’ adoption of Nero and his choice of Nero as successor, instead of choosing his own son Britannicus.

Some modern historians theorize that Nero's decision to kill Agrippina was prompted by her plotting to set Gaius Rubellius Plautus ( Nero's maternal second cousin ) or Britannicus ( Claudius ' biological son ) on the throne.

) executed ( Dio ) because Claudius had commented on her beauty.

** Claudius her husband poisoned ( Tac.

Suggesting her marriage to Claudius was to a weak emperor who was, because of his hesitations and terrors, a threat to the imperial authority and government.

He was the only child of Agrippina the Younger through her first marriage to Domitius, and through her, he was great-great grandson of the Emperor Augustus, great-grandnephew and adoptive great-grandson of the Emperor Tiberius, nephew of the Emperor Caligula, as well as great-nephew and stepson of the Emperor Claudius.