The United States Copyright Office defines copyright as " a form of protection provided by the laws of the United States ( title 17, U. S. Code ) to authors of " original works of authorship ".

Copyright law has been amended time and time again since the inception of the law to extend the length of this fixed period where the work is exclusively controlled by the copyright holder.

Copyright is a legal concept, enacted by most governments, giving the creator of an original work exclusive rights to it, usually for a limited time.

Copyright initially was conceived as a way for government to restrict printing ; the contemporary intent of copyright is to promote the creation of new works by giving authors control of and profit from them.

The Copyright Clause of the United States Constitution ( 1787 ) authorized copyright legislation: " To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries.

The Universal Copyright Convention was drafted in 1952 as another less demanding alternative to the Berne Convention, and ratified by nations such as the Soviet Union and developing nations.

For example, in English law the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 provides that if a copyrighted work is made by an employee in the course of that employment, the copyright is automatically owned by the employer which would be a " Work for Hire.

", or the word " Copyright ", followed by the year of the first publication of the work and the name of the copyright holder — was part of U. S. statutory requirements.

In addition, works published before 1964 that did not have their copyrights renewed 28 years after first publication year also are in the public domain, except that books originally published outside the US by non-Americans are exempt from this requirement, if they are still under copyright in their home country ( see How Can I Tell Whether a Copyright Was Renewed for more details ).

In 1998 the length of a copyright in the United States was increased by 20 years under the Copyright Term Extension Act.

* 6. 912 Introduction to Copyright Law taught by Keith Winstein, MIT OpenCourseWare January IAP 2006

Reference Manual (" FOR TRANSIT Automatic Coding System " C28-4038, Copyright 1957, 1959 by IBM ):

' Question Copyright artist-in-residence Nina Paley advocates Copyheart, a sentence intended to replace the usual copyright declaration on a work: '♡ 2010 by Author / Artist.

* Fu Style Dragon Form Eight Trigrams Palms by Fu Wing Fay and Lai Zonghong ( translated by Joseph Crandall ); Copyright, 1998, Smiling Tiger Martial Arts

* " Reincarnation as Taught by Early Christians ", by I. M. Oderberg, from Sunrise magazine, May 1973, Copyright © 1973 by Theosophical University Press.

Section 30 ( 1 ) of the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 ( apparently in transposition of Article 5 ( 3 )( d ) of the EU Copyright Directive on " quotations ") allows " fair dealing " with a copyright work for the purpose of criticism or review, provided that it is accompanied by a sufficient acknowledgement.

Copyright 1972 by Joe McKennon.

The Engraving Copyright Act 1734 extended copyright to cover engravings, statutes in 1789 and 1792 involved cloth, sculptures were copyrighted in 1914 and the performance of plays and music were covered by copyright in 1833 and 1842 respectively.

Copyright dates listed are 1976 and 1979, published by Metagaming and then Flying Buffalo.

Under the Second Protocol of the Universal Copyright Convention ( Paris text ), protection under U. S. Copyright Law is expressly required for works published by the United Nations, by U. N. specialized agencies and by the Organization of American States.

The chapter contains elements modelled on the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act 1998 ( US ) and the Digital Millennium Copyright Act 1998 ( US ) In December 2003, Trade Minister Mark Vaile pledged to defend the copyright term in Australia: “ It is a very important issue, particularly in terms of cost to libraries, educational institutions and the like here in Australia .” Two months later, Australia agreed to a copyright term extension, as part of the deal with the United States.

The Copyright Act of 1775 established a type of perpetual copyright which allowed " the Two Universities in England, the Four Universities in Scotland, and the several colleges of Eton, Westminster, and Winchester to hold in Perpetuity their Copy Right in Books given to or bequeathed to the said Universities and Colleges for the advancement of useful learning and other purposes of education.

The film Copyright by Inge Morath was made by German filmmaker Sabine Eckhard in 1992, and was one of several films selected for a presentation of Magnum Films at the Berlin Film Festival in 2007.

* Elsa & Her Cubs-25 minutes ; Benchmark Films Copyright MCMLXXI by Elsa Wild Animal Appeal and Benchmark Films, Inc.

Copyright 2005 Miramax Films.

Image created by Graviton Creations & copy Copyright 2001 by Graviton Creations LTD & American-Book. com

Copyright 2005.

The work is registered with the U. S. Copyright Office but has yet to be released to the public.

Copyright was invented after the advent of the printing press and with wider public literacy.

Copyright has grown from a legal concept regulating copying rights in the publishing of books and maps to one with a significant effect on nearly every modern industry, covering such items as sound recordings, films, photographs, software, and architectural works.

The Copyright Act of 1790 in the Columbian Centinel.

The UK signed the Berne Convention in 1887 but did not implement large parts of it until 100 years later with the passage of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act of 1988.

The 2002 WIPO Copyright Treaty enacted greater restrictions on the use of technology to copy works in the nations that ratified it.

Copyright does not cover ideas and information themselves, only the form or manner in which they are expressed.

Copyright laws are standardized somewhat through international conventions such as the Berne Convention and Universal Copyright Convention.

Copyright law recognises the right of an author based on whether the work actually is an original creation, rather than based on whether it is unique ; two authors may own copyright on two substantially identical works, if it is determined that the duplication was coincidental, and neither was copied from the other.

In 1989 the United States enacted the Berne Convention Implementation Act, amending the 1976 Copyright Act to conform to most of the provisions of the Berne Convention.

Two minutes later it came again -- a double explosion, followed by a third, sounding more distant.

Two of the vital qualities demanded of a politician by other politicians are that he always keep a confidence and that he keep his word.

Two strong dissents from the majority report of the Joint Economic Committee ( May 2 ) by Senators Proxmire and Butler allege that the New Deal fiscal policy of the Thirties did not work.

Two of the principal addresses were delivered by prominent Protestants, and when the speaker was a Catholic, one `` discussant '' on the dais tended to be of another religious persuasion.

Two of the fluids showed a high-positive normal pressure when undergoing shear, and two showed small negative pressures which were negligible in comparison with the amount of the positive pressures generated by the other two.

Two companies now had headquarters with Clark J. Wait, who by then had his own drugstore at Factory Point -- the `` Northern Union Telegraph Company '' and the `` Western Union ''.

Two metabolites ( 1, and 2 ) ) of p-aminobenzoic acid ( PABA ) which act as cofactors for the hydroxylation of aniline by acid-fast bacteria are biosynthesized from Aj.

Two millions were added to what had been set aside for it in Mrs. Meeker's lifetime, and the proviso made that as long as Brian Thayer continued to discharge his duties as administrator of the fund to the satisfaction of the board of trustees ( hereinafter appointed by the bank administering the estate ) he was to be retained in his present capacity at a salary commensurate with the increased responsibilities enlargement of the fund would entail.

I was reminded, amusedly, by a poem of Kenneth Patchen's called The Murder of Two Men by a Young Kid Wearing Lemon Colored Gloves, which Patchen himself read on a record against jazz background.

-- Two errors by New York Yankee shortstop Tony Kubek in the eleventh inning donated four unearned runs and a 5-to-2 victory to the Chicago White Sox today.

-- Two Americans and seven Cubans were executed by firing squads today as Castro military tribunals began decreeing the death penalty for captured invasion forces and suspected collaborators.

Two members of the Democratic-endorsed majority on the school board said they probably would vote to appeal a ruling by the state Board of Education, which said yesterday that the school committee acted improperly in its appointment of the coordinator, Francis P. Nolan 3rd, the Democratic-endorsed committee chairman, could not be reached for comment.

Two works by Mauss in particular proved to have enduring relevance: Essay on the Gift, a seminal analysis of exchange and reciprocity, and his Huxley lecture on the notion of the person, the first comparative study of notions of person and selfhood cross-culturally.

Two binary abaci constructed by Dr. Robert C. Good, Jr., made from two Chinese abaci

Two hundred years later western and central Anatolia came under Roman control, but it continued to be strongly influenced by Hellenistic culture.

He stated that he acquired many of his writing techniques from three books, " Narrative Technique " by Thomas Uzzell, and " The Only Two Ways to Write a Story " plus " Twenty Problems of the Short-Story Writer ", both by John Gallishaw.

Seven stories are inspired by a nursery rhyme: And Then There Were None by Ten Little Indians ; One, Two, Buckle My Shoe by One, Two, Buckle My Shoe ; Five Little Pigs by This Little Piggy ; Crooked House by There Was a Crooked Man ; A Pocket Full of Rye by Sing a Song of Sixpence ; Hickory Dickory Dock by Hickory Dickory Dock, and Three Blind Mice by Three Blind Mice.