Cosmologists are still unable to explain all cosmological phenomena exactly on the basis of known conventional forms of energy, such as those related to the accelerating expansion of the universe.

Cosmologists study a model of hierarchical structure formation in which structures form from the bottom up, with smaller objects forming first, while the largest objects, such as superclusters, are still assembling.

Cosmologists and theoretical physicists have regarded such observations as key in the search for explorations of physics in the energy realms which would require new theories of quantum gravity and other theories which predict events at the Planck scale.

Cosmologists study these simulations to see if they agree with the galaxy surveys, and to understand any discrepancy.

Cosmologists agree that in accordance with observations of distant galaxies, a universe must be non-static if it follows the cosmological principle.

Cosmologists therefore invoke a yet unexplored form of energy called dark energy ( dark energy is a hypothetical form of energy that permeates all of space and tends to accelerate the expansion of the universe ) which account for certain cosmological observations mostly related to " accelerating expansion of Universe ".

Cosmologists refer to the time period when neutral atoms first formed as the recombination epoch, and the event shortly after of photons starting to travel freely through space rather than constantly scattering with electrons and protons in plasma is referred to as photon decoupling.

Cosmologists can observationally deduce that the universe is not split into regions of matter and antimatter.

Cosmologists normally work with a given space-like slice of spacetime called the comoving coordinates, the existence of a preferred set of which is possible and widely accepted in present-day physical cosmology.

* January – September – Cosmologists from the Supernova Cosmology Project led by Saul Perlmutter and the High-z Supernova Search Team led by Adam Riess and Brian Schmidt publish evidence that the expansion rate of the universe is increasing.

Cosmologists use the MXXL simulation to study the distribution of galaxies and dark matter halos on very large scales and how the rarest and most massive structures in the universe came about.

Cosmologists often simplify this equation by defining a critical density,.

Cosmologists now have fairly precise and accurate measurements of many of the parameters of the Big Bang model, and have made the unexpected discovery that the expansion of the Universe appears to be accelerating.

Cosmologists and particle physicists are trying to find additional violations of the CP-symmetry in the early universe that might account for the baryon asymmetry.

* Origins: the Lives and Worlds of Modern Cosmologists / Alan Lightman and Roberta Brawer.

Cosmologists doubt they make up a majority of dark matter because the black holes are at isolated points of the galaxy.

God and the Cosmologists.

`` We, the Subscribers, do agree, that as soon as a convenient Number of Persons have subscribed to this, or a similar Writing, We will present a petition to the Hon'ble General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, praying for an Act incorporating into a Body politic the subscribers to such Writing with Liberty to build such a Bridge, and a Right to demand a Toll equal to that received at Malden Bridge, and on like Terms, and if such an Act shall be obtained, then we severally agree each with the others, that we will hold in the said Bridge the several shares set against our respective Names, the whole into two hundred shares being divided, and that we will pay such sums of Money at such Times and in such Manners, as by the said proposed Corporation, shall be directed and required ''.

By then, early dance camps, retreats, and weekends had emerged, such as Pinewoods Camp, in Plymouth, Massachusetts, which became primarily a music and dance camp in 1933, and NEFFA, the New England Folk Festival, also in Massachusetts, which began in 1944.

* Massachusetts is a Commonwealth, declaring itself as such in its constitution, which states that " The body politic is formed by a voluntary association of individuals: it is a social compact, by which the whole people covenants with each citizen, and each citizen with the whole people, that all shall be governed by certain laws for the common good.

Conversely, states such as Virginia and Massachusetts in the United States of America did not have sovereign status, but had significant political and economic independence coupled with weak federal control, reducing the incentive to secede.

Over 164 Dartmouth graduates have served in the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives, such as Massachusetts statesman Daniel Webster.

It has long been awarded by such leading institutions as Harvard University, Johns Hopkins University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston University and Washington University.

'" on the competing claims of two towns to such renown: Stockton, California, and Holliston, Massachusetts.

The decisions of the Supreme Court in cases such as Calvert Cliffs Coordinating Committee v. U. S. Atomic Energy Commission ( broadly reading the procedural requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act ), Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill ( broadly reading the Endangered Species Act ), and, much more recently, Massachusetts v. EPA ( requiring EPA to reconsider regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act ) have had policy impacts far beyond the facts of the particular case.

The guidelines for radiation levels vary from state to state ; some states such as Massachusetts allow hospitalization for as little as two days before the animal is sent home with care instructions.

* 1648 – Margaret Jones is hanged in Boston for witchcraft in the first such execution for the Massachusetts colony.

In Boston, Massachusetts, supporters of busing, such as Senator Ted Kennedy, sent their children to private schools or lived in affluent suburbs.

Jurisdictions such as Massachusetts are a notable exception where the maximum punishment of some misdemeanors is up to 2. 5 years.

This led to the U. S. Congress to enact the Public Law 81-600 which led to the Congressional approval of a local constitution drafted by a constitutional assembly elected by Puerto Rico and the renaming of the United States unincorporated territory of Puerto Rico as the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, using the same official name as the commonwealths of the U. S. states of Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania and Virginia, as well as that of other sovereign nation countries such as Australia.

DNA information, made public in July 2008, that has been obtained from Ekaterinburg and repeatedly subject to independent testing by laboratories such as the University of Massachusetts Medical School, USA, and reveals that the final two missing Romanov remains are indeed authentic and that the entire Romanov family housed in the Ipatiev House, Ekaterinburg were executed in the early hours of 17 July 1918.

Former music stations such as KLIF, Dallas, Texas ), WLW ( Cincinnati, Ohio ), WHAS ( Louisville, Kentucky ), WHAM ( Rochester, New York ), WLS ( Chicago, Illinois ), KFI ( Los Angeles, California ), WRKO ( Boston, Massachusetts ), WKBW ( Buffalo, New York ), and WABC ( New York, New York ) made the switch to all-talk as their ratings slumped due to listener migration to the FM band.

Several fierce advocates of equal rights, such as Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner, abstained from voting because the amendment did not prohibit devices which states might use to restrict black suffrage, such as literacy tests and poll taxes.

counties exist only to designate boundaries for such state-level functions as park districts ( Connecticut ) or judicial offices ( Connecticut and Massachusetts ).

Certain U. S. states such as California, Massachusetts, New Jersey and New York have their own restrictive laws regarding to the ownership and sale of semi-automatic rifles.

In entering this union we will be surrendering most, if not all, of our economic autonomy to international bodies such as the Atlantic Institute ( recently set up ) or the O.E.C.D., I.M.F. and others.

The American Registry Of Pathology operates as a cooperative enterprise in medical research and education between the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology and the civilian medical profession on a national and international basis, under such conditions as may be agreed upon between the National Research Council and The Surgeons General of the Army, Navy, and Air Force.

The American Institute of Interior Designers has published a recommended course for designers and a percentage layout of such a course.

The professional organizations such as American Institute of Interior Designers, National Society of Interior Designers, Home Fashions League and various trade associations, can and do aid greatly in this work.

Here Keys and others, such as Dr. A. E. Ahrens of the Rockefeller Institute, took over to demonstrate the chemical difference between vegetable and animal fats -- and even between different varieties of each.

Other awards for excellence in architecture are given by national professional associations such as the American Institute of Architects ( AIA ), the Royal Institute of British Architects ( RIBA ), the Royal Architectural Institute of Canada ( RAIC ) and the Institute of Architects Bangladesh ( IAB ).

Ayurveda, Chinese medicine, Homeopathy and Naturopathy are cited as examples The term appears to have entered into usage through the National Institute of Health's National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine ( NCCAM ), which began to employ it as a substitute for alternative medical systems as a way of differentiating widely comprehensive systems of medicine, such as Ayurvedic medicine, from specialized alternative approaches.

Bohr was born in Copenhagen in 1922, and grew up surrounded by physicists such as Wolfgang Pauli and Werner Heisenberg, who were working with his father at the Institute for Theoretical Physics ( now the Niels Bohr Institute ) at the University of Copenhagen.

On November 29, 1921, the trustees declared it to be the express policy of the Institute to pursue scientific research of the greatest importance and at the same time " to continue to conduct thorough courses in engineering and pure science, basing the work of these courses on exceptionally strong instruction in the fundamental sciences of mathematics, physics, and chemistry ; broadening and enriching the curriculum by a liberal amount of instruction in such subjects as English, history, and economics ; and vitalizing all the work of the Institute by the infusion in generous measure of the spirit of research.

Millikan served as " Chairman of the Executive Council " ( effectively Caltech's president ) from 1921 to 1945, and his influence was such that the Institute was occasionally referred to as " Millikan's School.

Chicago contains many theological institutions, which include seminaries and colleges such as the Moody Bible Institute and DePaul University.

" Some creationists and creationist organizations, such as the Institute of Creation Research, use these terms in an effort to make it appear that evolutionary biology is a form of secular religion.

The argument that school vouchers increases quality and efficiencies in schools forced to compete is supported by studies such as " When Schools Compete: The Effects of Vouchers on Florida Public School Achievement " ( Manhattan Institute for Policy Research's, 2003 ), which concluded that public schools located near private schools that were eligible to accept voucher students made significantly more improvements than did similar schools not located near eligible private schools.

Several awards, concepts, and institutions are named after Fermi, such as the Enrico Fermi Award, the Enrico Fermi Institute, the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, the Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station, a class of particles called fermions, the synthetic element fermium, and many more.

The Ethnologue is published by SIL International ( formerly known as the Summer Institute of Linguistics ), a Christian linguistic service organization, which studies numerous minority languages, to facilitate language development and to work with the speakers of such language communities to translate portions of the Bible in their language.

According the International Water Management Institute and UNEP, well-managed agroecosystems not only provide food, fibre and animal products, they also provide services such as flood mitigation, groundwater recharge, erosion control and habitats for plants, birds fish and other animals.

Pioneers such as Horace Ové had been working in 1970s ( Pressure, 1975, funded by the British Film Institute ), but the 1980s saw a wave of new talent, with films like Babylon ( 1980 ), Burning an Illusion ( 1981 ), Majdhar ( 1985 ) and Ping Pong ( 1986-one of the first films about Britain's Chinese community ).

Many FIPS pronouncements are modified versions of standards used in the technical communities, such as the American National Standards Institute ( ANSI ), the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ( IEEE ), and the International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ).