The Bourse opened in 1309 ( most likely the first stock exchange in the world ) and developed into the most sophisticated money market of the Low Countries in the 14th century.

The Heavily Indebted Poor Countries ( HIPC ) initiative was ultimately launched to provide systematic debt relief for the poorest countries, whilst trying to ensure the money would be spent on poverty reduction.

The first recorded lotteries to offer tickets for sale with prizes in the form of money were held in the Low Countries in the 15th century.

Alba attempted to raise money by imposing the Spanish alcabala, a tax of 10 % on all sales (" tenth penny " tax ) on the Low Countries, and this aroused the opposition of many Catholic residents as well.

These factors, combined with the experience gained through the FATF's Non-Cooperative Countries and Territories process, and a number of national and international initiatives, led the FATF to review and revise the Forty Recommendations into a new comprehensive framework for combating money laundering and terrorism financing.

Before the vultures could collect their money a Debt Relief ( Developing Countries ) Act 2010 was passed in the UK parliament in 2010 after the Liberian President and 2011 Nobel Peace Prize Winner Ellen Johnson Sirleaf appealed on the BBC Newsnight programme for the vultures to “ have a conscience and give this country a break ”.

Again an Expeditionary Force was sent to France, only to be hastily evacuated as the German forces swept through the Low Countries and across France in 1940.

The IMU's members are Member Countries and each Member country is represented through an Adhering Organization, which may be its principal academy, a mathematical society, its research council or some other institution or association of institutions, or an appropriate agency of its government.

The Commission for Developing Countries supports research travel of mathematicians based in developing countries as well as mathematics research conferences in the developing world through its Grants Program which is open to mathematicians throughout the developing world, including countries that are not ( yet ) members of the IMU.

The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and / or Desertification, Particularly in Africa is a Convention to combat desertification and mitigate the effects of drought through national action programs that incorporate long-term strategies supported by international cooperation and partnership arrangements.

In Western, Northern and Central Europe ( France, Norway, Denmark, the Low Countries, and the annexed portions of Czechoslovakia ) Germany established economic policies through which it collected roughly 69. 5 billion reichmarks ( 27. 8 billion US Dollars ) by the end of the war ; this figure does not include the sizable plunder of industrial products, military equipment, raw materials and other goods.

Alfred Edwards, editor of Le Matin, who had taken particular interest in the incident, took Ravel on a seven-week canal trip on his yacht Aimée through the Low Countries in June and July 1905, the first time Ravel traveled abroad.

Countries, for example India, which " were far behind in the population-food game that there is no hope that our food aid will see them through to self-sufficiency " would have their food aid eliminated.

The free trade spirit of the time received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries.

In 1999, through the Paris Club " Lyons terms " and the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries ( HIPC ) initiative Guyana managed to negotiate $ 256 million in debt forgiveness.

Mozambique's once substantial foreign debt has been reduced through forgiveness and rescheduling under the International Monetary Fund's Heavily Indebted Poor Countries ( HIPC ) and Enhanced HIPC initiatives, and is now at a manageable level.

In the Nordic Countries, the " season " for lutefisk starts early in November and typically continues through Christmas.

From August to October 1566, a wave of iconoclasm ( known as the Beeldenstorm ) spread through the Low Countries.

The Dutch term specifically refers to the wave of disorderly attacks in the summer of 1566 that spread rapidly through the Low Countries from south to north, but similar outbreaks of iconoclasm took place in other parts of Europe, especially in Switzerland and the Holy Roman Empire in the period between 1522 and 1566, notably Zürich ( in 1523 ), Copenhagen ( 1530 ), Münster ( 1534 ), Geneva ( 1535 ), and Augsburg ( 1537 ).

The Low Countries, Flanders, Brabant and Holland, were part of the inheritance of Philip II of Spain, who was a devout Catholic and self-proclaimed protector of the Counter-Reformation, and suppressed Protestantism through his Governor-general or Regent, Margaret of Parma the illegitimate daughter of Emperor Charles V, was herself more willing to compromise.

Countries like Italy, France, Belgium, Germany ( then Holy Roman Empire ), Czech Republic ( town of Vamberk ), Slovenia ( town of Idrija ), Finland ( town of Rauma ) England ( town of Honiton ), Hungary, Ireland, Malta, Russia, Spain, Turkey and others all have established heritage expressed through lace.

The Spanish army had marched through the Stelvio Pass trying to open a new " Spanish Road ", and take their Commander to his Governorship of the Spanish Low Countries.

He sailed through as a soldier of fortune to the Low Countries in 1572, and was driven by stress of weather to Brielle, which luckily for him had just fallen into the hands of the Dutch.

Countries earn a second or third entry for the following year's competition by earning points through skater placement.

About May 20 he started on a tour northward through Florence, Parma, Mantua, Venice, Trieste, Stuttgart, Mainz, Cologne, and the Low Countries.

The Low Countries were favorably positioned on a crossing of east-west and north-south trade routes and connected to a large German hinterland through the Rhine river.

Due to the strength of the Maginot Line it was decided to avoid a direct attack and instead out flank it through the Low Countries utilizing the military doctrine of " blitzkrieg " ( Lightning war in English ) developed by Basil Liddell Hart, an English military theorist, and enhanced by Heinz Guderian, utilizing a combination of power and speed.

" He fought his way through nearly every campaign in Scotland and the Low Countries for thirty years.

Countries that have achieved macroeconomic stability through fiscal and monetary discipline have been loath to abandon it: Lula, the recent Brazilian President ( and leader of the Workers ' Party ), has been explicit that the defeat of hyperinflation was among the most important positive contributions of recent years to the welfare of the country's poor.

He travelled through the Holy Roman Empire, especially Northern Germany, but also the Low Countries, Bohemia, and Italy.

Barge and canal systems were nonetheless of great, perhaps even primary, economic importance until after World War I in Europe, particularly in the more developed nations of the Low Countries, France, Germany, Poland, and especially Great Britain which more or less made the system characteristically its own.

Countries that use this system to elect the lower or only house of their legislature include:

Countries by type of PR system

Countries using this system include Israel, Ireland, Malta, Italy, Austria, Hungary, Poland, Turkey, Iceland, India, Pakistan, Germany and Greece.

Relative political stability and prosperity in the Low Countries, along with a flourishing system of music education in the area's many churches and cathedrals, allowed the training of hundreds of singers and composers.

Countries that use variations on the theme of the Westminster system include the following:

While the banking system evolved in the Low Countries, it was quickly incorporated by the well-connected English, stimulating English economic output.

Countries which had a writing system based on logographs and syllabaries placed particular emphasis on form and quality when learning.

Countries which have adopted the metric system generally use the module system.

Countries that suffer from poverty, civil and political unrest or conflict, and other dangerous public health issues such as malaria, HIV / AIDS, and tuberculosis often suffer from a severe burden and breakdown within the healthcare system.

Until the early 1980s, this new system benefited both the Soviet Union and the other Comecon countries since Soviet oil, priced with the lagged formula, was considerably cheaper than Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC ) oil, the price of which increased drastically in the 1970s.

Countries like Japan, Russia, and Thailand adopted a parallel system as a means by which incentives for greater party cohesiveness could be injected.

Countries where the parallel voting system is used.

Countries and jurisdictions that have adapted the British parliamentary system ( such as Canada and Australia ) would have the same use for the phrase.

Countries with a civil law legal system and common law legal systems take different approaches to the right to counsel in civil and criminal proceedings.

Countries that operate a parliamentary system of government are less likely to employ term limits on their leaders.

Television encoding systems by nation, Countries that are using the < font style =" color: green ;"> NTSC </ font > system are shown in green.

Countries using the < span style =" color: blue ;"> PAL </ span > system are shown in blue.

* Vannucci, D. E., Kennedy, I. G., Barker, M., " Impact of Tariff on dial-up internet traffic: Modelling the subscriber response as a dynamic system ", ITC18 Workshop for Developing Countries, Berlin, 2003.

Countries in the Eurail system that are not available on the Global Pass are Montenegro, Poland, and Serbia.