Bad relations between England and Flanders brought hard times to the shepherds scattered over the dales and downs as well as to the crowded Flemish cities, and while the English, so far, had done no more than grumble, Othon had seen what the discontent might lead to, for before he left the Low Countries the citizens of Ghent had risen in protest against the expense of supporting Edward and his troops, and the regular soldiers had found it unexpectedly difficult to put down the nasty little riot that ensued.

Behind him lay the Low Countries, where men were still completing the cathedrals that a later Florentine would describe as `` a malediction of little tabernacles, one on top of the other, with so many pyramids and spires and leaves that it is a wonder they stand up at all, for they look as though they were made of paper instead of stone or marble '' ; ;

the Low Countries, where the Middle Ages were to last for another two centuries and die out only when Charles the Bold of Burgundy met his first defeat in the fields and forests below the walls of Grandson.

* The Capture of Brielle, marked a turning point in the uprising of the Low Countries against Spain in the Eighty Years ' War.

Another famous abjuration was brought about by the Plakkaat van Verlatinghe of July 26, 1581, the formal Declaration of Independence of the Low Countries from the Spanish king, Philip II.

In the remainder of the war in the Low Countries he held high commands, and was present at the Battle of Fleurus.

Conversely the use of true brass seems to have declined in Western Europe during this period in favour of gunmetals and other mixed alloys but by the end of the first Millennium AD brass artefacts are found in Scandinavian graves in Scotland, brass was being used in the manufacture of coins in Northumbria and there is archaeological and historical evidence for the production of brass in Germany and The Low Countries areas rich in calamine ore which would remain important centres of brass making throughout the medieval period, especially Dinant – brass objects are still collectively known as dinanterie in French.

Montgomery's training paid off when the Germans began their invasion of the Low Countries on 10 May 1940 and the 3rd Division advanced to the River Dijle and then withdrew to Dunkirk with great professionalism, entering the Dunkirk perimeter in a famous night-time march which placed his forces on the left flank which had been left exposed by the Belgian surrender.

A combination of deception and brilliant administration – designed to conceal his true destination from friend and foe alike – enabled Marlborough to march unhindered from the Low Countries to the River Danube in five weeks.

To isolate the Danube from any Allied intervention, Marshal Villeroi's 46, 000 troops were expected to pin the 70, 000 Dutch and English troops around Maastricht in the Low Countries, while General de Coigny protected Alsace against surprise with a further corps.

Marlborough could not attack Dillingen because of a lack of siege guns – he was unable to bring any from the Low Countries, and Baden had failed to supply any despite assurances to the contrary.

Therefore, in the interest of coalition harmony, Marlborough prepared to campaign in the Low Countries.

Map of the Low Countries during the War of the Spanish Succession.

Barge and canal systems were nonetheless of great, perhaps even primary, economic importance until after World War I in Europe, particularly in the more developed nations of the Low Countries, France, Germany, Poland, and especially Great Britain which more or less made the system characteristically its own.

Again an Expeditionary Force was sent to France, only to be hastily evacuated as the German forces swept through the Low Countries and across France in 1940.

The infantry of the Low Countries, who were at this time almost the best in existence, drove back the French.

Two paintings ( both dated 1565 ) by Pieter Bruegel the Elder depict Dutch peasants curling — Scotland and the Low Countries had strong trading and cultural links during this period, which is also evident in the history of golf.

Eugene fought primarily in northern Italy in the early years of the war, then later in the Low Countries.

As the popular response to Luther gathered momentum, the social disorders, which Erasmus dreaded and Luther disassociated himself from, began to appear, including the German Peasants ' War, the Anabaptist disturbances in Germany and in the Low Countries, iconoclasm and the radicalization of peasants across Europe.

Through marriage, the County of Flanders was joined with most of the rest of the Low Countries around 1400 AD, and it lost its independence.

In the Early modern period, the term Flanders was associated with the southern part of the Low Countries: the Southern Netherlands.

The French Revolutionary Wars started in 1792 and ultimately featured spectacular French victories that facilitated the conquest of the Italian Peninsula, the Low Countries and most territories west of the Rhine – achievements that had eluded previous French governments for centuries.

The vast majority of ethnic Franks, divided between Salians and Ripuarians, were confined respectively to the Low Countries, the northeastern tip of modern France and the Rhine river banks all the way down to near the Main and Hesse areas.

Around this time the center of political and social importance in the Low Countries started to shift from Flanders ( Bruges – Ghent ) to Brabant ( Antwerp – Brussels ), although Ghent would continue to play an important role.

Craft Guilds in the Early Modern Low Countries: Work, Power and Representation ( 2006 ).

From the fourteenth century, the technique in which panels of wet leather were shaped over wooden moulds, painted, then oil-gilded and lacquered, reached Flanders and Brabant in the Low Countries.

The parts of the County of Flanders stretching out west of the river Scheldt ( Schelde in Dutch, Escaut in French ) became part of France during the Middle Ages, but the remainders of the County of Flanders and the Low Countries were part of the Holy Roman Empire.

In Belgium, the title of Duke of Brabant ( historically the most prestigious in the Low Countries, and containing the federal capital Brussels ), if still vacant, has been awarded preferentially to the eldest son and heir presumptive of the king, other male dynasts receiving various lower historical titles ( much older than Belgium, and in principle never fallen to the Belgian crown ), such as Count of Flanders ( King Leopold III's so-titled brother held the title when he became the realm's temporary head of state as prince-regent ) and Prince of Liège ( a secularised version of the historical prince-bishopric ; e. g., the present King Albert II until he succeeded his older brother Baudouin I ).

During the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance, neither England nor the main maritime provinces of the Low Countries, Flanders and Holland, had been major European sea powers on par with Venice, Genoa, Portugal, Castile or Aragon.

In 1506, Charles inherited his father's Burgundian territories, most notably the Low Countries and Franche-Comté, most of which were fiefs of the German empire, except his birthplace of Flanders which was still a French fief, a last remnant of what had been a powerful player in the Hundred Years ' War.

The Seventeen Provinces were a personal union of states in the Low Countries in the 15th century and 16th century, roughly covering the current Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, a good part of the North of France ( Artois, French Flanders ), and a small part of Western Germany.

After his initial period of maintaining independent neutrality from both France and England failed, neighboring sovereigns in the Low Countries, stimulated as a matter of policy by Philip VI of France, became John's enemies ; among the adversaries of John were the Count of Flanders, the prince-bishop of Liège, and counts of Holland and Guelders.

On land, Edward III largely concentrated upon Flanders and the Low Countries, where he had gained allies by diplomacy and bribery.

In 1496, Joanna, at the age of sixteen, was betrothed to Philip the Handsome, Duke of Burgundy ( titular ), in the region of Flanders in the Low Countries.

Joanna began her journey to Flanders in the Low Countries, which consisted of parts of the present day Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, and Germany, on 22 August 1496.

Under this agreement, the provinces and towns of Flanders, Brabant, Hainaut, and Holland recovered all the local and communal rights which had been abolished by the decrees of the dukes of Burgundy in their efforts to create a centralized state on the French model out of their separate holdings in the Low Countries.

Low Franconian, Low Frankish, or Istvaeonic, is a group of several West Germanic languages spoken in the Netherlands, northern Belgium ( Flanders ), in the northern department of France, in western Germany ( Lower Rhine ), as well as in Suriname, South Africa and Namibia that originally descended from Old Frankish.

In the Battle of Fleurus on 26 June 1794, the army of the First French Republic under General Jean-Baptiste Jourdan faced the Coalition Army ( Great Britain, Hanover, Dutch Republic, and Habsburg Monarchy ) commanded by Prince Josias of Coburg in the most decisive battle of the Flanders Campaign in the Low Countries during the French Revolutionary Wars.

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Being a member of the Hanseatic league, Magdeburg thus was one of the most important trade cities also, maintaining commerce with the Low countries ( Flanders ), the countries of the Baltic Sea, and the interior ( for example Braunschweig ).

While double negation is still found in the Low Franconian dialects of west Flanders ( e. g., Ik ne willen da nie doen, " I do not want to do that ") and in some villages in the central Netherlands such as Garderen, it takes a different form than that found in Afrikaans.

Travelling to the Low Countries, he was ordained as a priest at Mechelen in Flanders shortly afterwards, and began to lecture in theology at the Benedictine College there.

Charles V proclaimed the Pragmatic Sanction of 1549 eternally uniting Flanders with the other lordships of the Low Countries in a personal union.