The High Court of American Samoa is the highest court below the United States Supreme Court in American Samoa, with the District Courts below it.

Along with his two Supreme Court appointments, Clinton appointed 66 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals, and 305 judges to the United States district courts.

In the United States, the power of the federal judiciary to review and invalidate unconstitutional acts of the federal executive branch is stated in the constitution, Article III sections 1 and 2: " The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish.

In addition to his five Supreme Court appointments, Eisenhower appointed 45 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals, and 129 judges to the United States district courts.

* Federal Rules of Evidence ( United States )-U. S. Courts, Federal Judiciary Homepage

In addition to these three, Roosevelt appointed 19 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals, and 53 judges to the United States district courts.

In the Reconstruction era, the Chase, Waite, and Fuller Courts ( 1864 – 1910 ) interpreted the new Civil War amendments to the Constitution and developed the doctrine of substantive due process ( Lochner v. New York ; Adair v. United States ).

During the Hughes, Stone, and Vinson Courts ( 1930 – 1953 ), the Court gained its own accommodation in 1935 and changed its interpretation of the Constitution, giving a broader reading to the powers of the federal government to facilitate President Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal ( most prominently West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish, Wickard v. Filburn, United States v. Darby and United States v. Butler ).

The Chief Justice is the highest judicial officer in the country, and acts as a chief administrative officer for the federal courts and appoints the director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts.

The Court Martial is one of the Military Courts of the United Kingdom.

* Macomb, Alexander, Major General of the United States Army, The Practice of Courts Martial, ( New York: Harper & Brothers, 1841 ) 154 pages.

* Administrative Office of the United States Courts

The United States Courts of Appeals are considered among the most powerful and influential courts in the United States.

Because of their ability to set legal precedent in regions that cover millions of people, the United States Courts of Appeals have strong policy influence on U. S. law ; however, this political recognition is controversial.

Moreover, because the U. S. Supreme Court chooses to hear fewer than 100 of the more than 10, 000 cases filed with it annually, the United States Courts of Appeals serve as the final arbiter on most federal cases.

There are currently 179 judges on the United States Courts of Appeals authorized by Congress and Article III of the U. S. Constitution.

Map of the boundaries of the United States Courts of Appeals and United States District Courts

On 18 May 1743, Benedict XIV signed a document addressed to the Archbishops and Bishops of the Kingdom of Poland regarding marriage, communicating his dissatisfaction with the dissolution of Christian marriages, even long-stable ones, by the Ecclesiastical Courts of Poland without due cause or in violation of canon law.

In April 2000 two motorists who were caught speeding in the United Kingdom challenged the Road Traffic Act 1988 which required the keeper of a car to identify the driver at a particular time as being in contradiction to the Human Rights Act 1998 on the grounds that it amounted to a ' compulsory confession ', also that since the camera partnerships included the police, local authorities, Magistrates Courts Service ( MCS ) and Crown Prosecution Service ( CPS ) which had a financial interest in the fine revenue that they would not get a fair trial.

Their legal dispute resulted in important precedent regarding international custody issues, followed widely in the courts of the U. S. and other countries, sometimes referred to as the " settled purpose " doctrine: In Re Bates, No. CA 122-89, High Court of Justice, Family Div ' l Ct. Royal Courts of Justice, United Kingdom ( 1989 ).

# REDIRECT Courts of the United Kingdom

* Courts of the United Kingdom

Her Majesty's Courts of Justice of England and Wales are the civil and criminal courts responsible for the administration of justice in England and Wales ; they apply English law, the law of England and Wales, and are established under Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

* Military Courts of the United Kingdom ( including the Summary Appeal Court, Service Civilian Court, Court Martial and Court Martial Appeal Court )

The Society acquired its first Royal Charter in 1831 as the The Society of Attorneys, Solicitors, Proctors and others not being Barristers, practising in the Courts of Law and Equity of the United Kingdom.

* Courts of the United Kingdom

* Rights and wrongs: The European Convention on Human Rights and its application in the United Kingdom ( SSC biennial lecture ) by Malcolm Rifkind ( 2000, Society of Solicitors in the Supreme Courts of Scotland ) ISBN B0000CP0RH

Because the political system evolved over time, rather than being changed suddenly in an event such as a revolution, it is continuously being defined by acts of Parliament and decisions of the Law Courts ( see Constitution of the United Kingdom ).

On the morning of his appointment, however, a photograph emerged taken outside Dublin's Four Courts on the day a judge ruled that the Maze Prison escaper, James Pius Clarke, should not be extradited to the United Kingdom.

The Courts of Quarter Sessions or Quarter Sessions were local courts traditionally held at four set times each year in the United Kingdom and other countries in the former British Empire.

The Courts Act 1971 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom ( c 23 ) the purpose of which was to reform and modernise the courts system of England and Wales.

However, the secret note on Crete, which the Bavarian plenipotentiary communicated to the Courts of the United Kingdom, France and Russia, bore no fruit.

Courts of the United Kingdom have become less likely to find ministers guilty when their individual knowledge of or involvement in a crime cannot be proved.

The office of RM was unique in the United Kingdom to Ireland, and in the 20th century, led to the modern position in both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland whereby courts of summary jurisdiction ( the District Court in the Republic and Magistrates ' Courts in Northern Ireland ), are composed of legally qualified district judges sitting alone.

Paying ground rents is still considered by some to be an unresolved part of Ireland's history as a part of the United Kingdom ; the Irish Government itself pays ground rents for iconic public buildings including Government Buildings, the Four Courts, Dublin Castle and the Botanic Gardens.

* Military Courts of the United Kingdom

Likewise, the Supreme Court Act 1981, has been renamed the " Senior Courts Act 1981 " by the Constitutional Reform Act 2005, because the Supreme Court of Judicature, the subject of the 1981 Act, is being renamed because of the creation of a new, unrelated court called ( perhaps confusingly ) the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom.

Since the Norman Invasion no native Irish king, has ruled as a united sovereign Irish kingdom or state, although the Kingdom of Tyrconnell maintained occasional international relations and exchanged ambassadors with the Royal Courts of Scotland, Spain, and the Papacy.

* Courts of the United Kingdom

In December 2005, the United Kingdom began a pilot scheme of dedicated Drug Courts.

In that event, we can correctly say that we have received an authoritative interpretation of the matter, and one which we can follow statewide with confidence that the policy will not be overthrown in other Superior Courts.

Narayanan – AIR India Reporter 1988 Court Page No. 1381 ; 1988 Volume No. 3 SCC Court Cases Page No. 366 ; 1988 PLJR 78 – Although an affidavit may be taken as proof of the facts stated therein, the Courts have no jurisdiction to admit evidence by way of affidavit.

Judges from the Court of Final Appeal, High Court, District Courts along with members from the various tribunals and Coroner's Court all have the power to impose immediate punishments for contempt in the face of the court, derived from legislation or through common law:

Magistrates ' Courts are not superior courts of record, but nonetheless have powers granted under the Contempt of Court Act 1981.

Courts have ruled as excessive and invalidated damages which the parties contracted as liquidated, but which the court nonetheless found to be penal.

In England and Wales ( which have the same legal system ), minor criminal cases are heard without a jury in the Magistrates ' Courts.

Courts have ruled this admissible as long as the original waiver is said and the " translation " is recorded either on paper or on tape.

* S. M. Stirling's Lords of Creation series includes In the Courts of the Crimson Kings, in which Mars ( as well as Venus ) have been terraformed by unknown aliens over the course of hundreds of millions of years and seeded with all kinds of terrestrial life.

Other sites from the defunct Alamo Plaza Hotel Courts chain in Chattanooga, Memphis and Dallas have simply been demolished.

Thus, a federal district court that falls within the geographic boundaries of the Third Circuit Court of Appeals is bound by rulings of the Third Circuit Court, but not by rulings in the Ninth Circuit, since the Circuit Courts of Appeals have jurisdiction defined by geography.

Courts faced with a choice of law issue have a two-stage process:

Finally, if all possible rightful orders of primogeniture and representation have been exhausted, then the General Courts will select a successor in the way that best suits the interest of Spain.

Courts have not yet had to decide whether advertisers can be held liable for spyware that displays their ads.

Courts have developed a number of exceptions to the warrant requirement:

Courts have treated this area as an extension of the house and as such subject to all the privacy protections afforded a person ’ s home ( unlike a person's open fields ) under the Fourth Amendment.

" The U. S. Courts of Appeals for the Fourth and Ninth circuits have ruled that information on a traveler's electronic materials, including personal files on a laptop computer, may be searched at random, without suspicion.

U. S. Courts of Appeals, in Immediato v. Rye Neck School District, Herndon v. Chapel Hill, and Steirer v. Bethlehem School District, have ruled that the use of community service as a high school graduation requirement did not violate the Thirteenth Amendment.

Courts have distinguished between two types of civil disobedience: " Indirect civil disobedience involves violating a law which is not, itself, the object of protest, whereas direct civil disobedience involves protesting the existence of a particular law by breaking that law.

Courts in New York, North Carolina, and Virginia have ruled that, under applicable state law, ULC ministers are not authorized to solemnize marriages and a marriage at which a ULC minister officiated therefore is not valid.

The law courts have since moved to the Royal Courts of Justice, close to the border of the City of London.

3 ( a )( 10 ) of the 34 act ) the US Courts have developed a broad definition for securities that must then be registered with the SEC.

Courts sometimes have to attribute a conjunctive ( X ' and ' Y ) intention to the legislature even though the list is disjunctive ( X ' or ' Y ) because, otherwise, no overall interpretation of the law in question would make sense.

Courts martial have the authority to try a wide range of military offences, many of which closely resemble civilian crimes like fraud, theft or perjury.

Unlike the state supreme court, the Courts of Appeal have mandatory review jurisdiction under the informal legal tradition in common law countries that all litigants are entitled to at least one appeal.