The Swiss chemist Paul Hermann Müller was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1948 " for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods.

" After the war, DDT was made available for use as an agricultural insecticide, and soon its production and use skyrocketed.

The book suggested that DDT and other pesticides may cause cancer and that their agricultural use was a threat to wildlife, particularly birds.

Its publication was one of the signature events in the birth of the environmental movement, and resulted in a large public outcry that eventually led to DDT being banned in the US in 1972.

DDT was subsequently banned for agricultural use worldwide under the Stockholm Convention, but its limited use in disease vector control continues to this day and remains controversial.

From 1950 to 1980, DDT was extensively used in agriculture — more than 40, 000 tonnes were used each year worldwide — and it has been estimated that a total of 1. 8 million tonnes have been produced globally since the 1940s.

With pyrethrum in short supply, DDT was used extensively during World War II by the Allies to control the insect vectors of typhus — nearly eliminating the disease in many parts of Europe.

By the time DDT was introduced in the U. S., the disease had already been brought under control by a variety of other means.

DDT was less effective in tropical regions due to the continuous life cycle of mosquitoes and poor infrastructure.

However, these early events received little attention, and it was not until 1957, when the New York Times reported an unsuccessful struggle to restrict DDT use in Nassau County, New York, that the issue came to the attention of the popular naturalist-author, Rachel Carson.

Victor Yannacone, Charles Wurster, Art Cooley and others associated with inception of EDF had all witnessed bird kills or declines in bird populations and suspected that DDT was the cause.

After an initial six-month review process, William Ruckelshaus, the Agency's first Administrator rejected an immediate suspension of DDT's registration, citing studies from the EPA's internal staff stating that DDT was not an imminent danger to human health and wildlife.

Immediately after the cancellation was announced, both EDF and the DDT manufacturers filed suit against the EPA, with the industry seeking to overturn the ban, and EDF seeking a comprehensive ban.

For example, in June 1979, the California Department of Health Services was permitted to use DDT to suppress flea vectors of bubonic plague.

Some studies show that although DDE levels have fallen dramatically, eggshell thickness remains 10 – 12 percent thinner than before DDT was first used.

According to a report in the British Medical Journal, use of DDT in Mozambique " was stopped several decades ago, because 80 % of the country's health budget came from donor funds, and donors refused to allow the use of DDT.

Before DDT, malaria was successfully eradicated or curtailed in several tropical areas by removing or poisoning mosquito breeding grounds and larva habitats, for example by filling or applying oil to standing water.

However, a study in Thailand found the cost per malaria case prevented of DDT spraying ($ 1. 87 US ) to be 21 % greater than the cost per case prevented of lambda-cyhalothrin – treated nets ($ 1. 54 US ), at very least casting some doubt on the unexamined assumption that DDT was the most cost-effective measure to use in all cases.

Malaria, the most widespread disease, was successfully fought through advances in health care, the use of DDT, and through the draining of swamplands.

During and just after World War II, DDT was used as insecticide to combat insect vectors carrying malaria and typhus.

Before the use of DDT it was dangerously infested with malaria.

Around 1960 DDT came into use to suppress mosquitos and the way was open to settlement from the land-poor hills to the detriment of Tharus.

The term " total DDT " is often used to refer to the sum of all DDT related compounds ( p, p '- DDT, o, p '- DDT, DDE, and DDD ) in a sample.

DDT is the best-known of several chlorine-containing pesticides used in the 1940s and 1950s.

PIP with a very low baud rate ( because it had no built-in error correction ) could be used to transfer a small simple version of Kermit from one machine to another over a null modem cable, or failing that, a very very simple version of the Kermit protocol could be hand coded in binary in less than 2K using DDT, the CP / M Dynamic Debugging Tool.

Nicaragua and its neighbors widely used compounds banned in the U. S., such as DDT, endrin, dieldrin and lindane.

* DDT is first used as a pesticide.

Monsanto also was a leading manufacturer of controversial products such as the insecticide DDT, PCBs which were used as electrical insulators, and the defoliant Agent Orange.

An oft-quoted case is that of DDT, an example of a widely used ( and maybe misused ) pesticide, which was brought to public attention by Rachel Carson's book, Silent Spring.

In 1996, concentrations of 16 commonly used pesticides in surface sediment was found including dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane ( DDT ).

Methyl parathion, malathion, and pyrethroids were subsequently used, but environmental and resistance concerns arose as they had with DDT and control strategies changed.

* Rachel Carson, ( May 27, 1907 – April 14, 1964 ) a marine biologist who became a famous writer, best known for her 1962 book Silent Spring, which confronted the chemical industry and helped to spur legislation for regulation and control of DDT and other industrially and domestically used substances.

According to raptor researcher Dr Stephen Debus, this species did not suffer from eggshell thinning during the period of DDT use in Australia, though he believes it is possible that secondary poisoning may occur from rodenticides used during mouse plagues or from pesticides used during locust plagues.

Both names were used for several different debuggers, but generally debuggers with the ODT name had more limited capabilities than DDT debuggers.

In addition to its normal function as a debugger, DDT was also used as a top-level command shell for the MIT ITS operating system ; on some more recent ITS systems, it is replaced with a " PWORD " which implements a restricted subset of DDT's functionality.

Additionally, biochemical mechanisms have become more widely used in neurotoxin testing, such that compounds can be screened for sufficiency to induce cell mechanism interference, like the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase capacity of organophosphates ( includes DDT and sarin gas ).

In the 1960s DDT came into use to suppress the mosquito vectors and the way was open to settlers from the hills who used debt and lawsuits to displace and even enslave Tharus.

The Stockholm Convention, which took effect in 2004, outlawed several persistent organic pollutants, and restricted DDT use to vector control.

" The website further explains that in many cases alternative malaria control measures were judged to be more cost-effective that DDT spraying, and so were funded instead.

The relative effectiveness of IRS ( with DDT or alternative insecticides ) versus other malaria control techniques ( e. g. bednets or prompt access to anti-malarial drugs ) varies greatly and is highly dependent on local conditions.

The director of Mexico's malaria control program finds similar results, declaring that it is 25 % cheaper for Mexico to spray a house with synthetic pyrethroids than with DDT.

* ' Andrew Spielman, Harvard School of Public Health, discusses environmentally friendly control of Malaria and uses of DDT Freeview video provided by the Vega Science Trust

When Dutch elm disease spread away from the Atlantic coast, control focused on controlling the bark beetle by means of such insecticides as DDT and dieldrin, which were sprayed heavily across all parts of elm trees, usually twice a year in the spring and again at a lower concentration in the summer.

Other tasks included work with camouflage ; canteen disinfectants ; DDT to control malaria ; and insulation for small electronics.

Farmers there were using pesticides ( DDT and monocrotophos ) to control grasshopper and locust infestations, and Swainson's Hawks were ingesting these pesticides in several different ways, but mainly by gorging themselves on the insects as they lay dying.

Aerial spraying of pesticides occurring up until the late 1960s: firstly DDT to control Hylobius abietis then 2, 4, 5-T to clear broad-leafed plants ( including oak saplings ) before planting commercial pine stands.

The building of shore management structures ( dikes, groins, seawalls ), the spraying of DDT ( and other pesticides ) to control the mosquito problem, the carving of ditches to drain wetlands, the filling of shore lowlands, the channelization of creeks, highway and sewer construction, neighborhood development, and a myriad point and non-point sources of household, automobile, industrial chemicals, and ocean dumping all contributed to growing toxicity of the bay.

In 1948 he received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his 1939 discovery of insecticidal qualities and use of DDT in the control of vector diseases such as malaria and yellow fever.

Successful methods of B. malayi vector control include residual house spraying using DDT and insecticide treated bednets.

At the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, he undertook studies in malaria and the role of DDT in its control with Prof McDonald, but also developed an interest in nutrition with Professor Platt.

The dusky's demise began in 1940 when DDT was sprayed on the marshes for the control of mosquitoes.

The limited use of DDT in disease vector control continues to this day in certain parts of the world and remains controversial.

The use of pesticide, like DDT, has also led to elimination of the Tunga penetrans, but this control / prevention strategy should be utilized very carefully, if at all, because of the possible side effects such pesticides can have on the greater biosphere.