The stronger a protein's interaction with DNA, the higher the salt concentration needed to elute that protein.

For instance, in certain ranges of concentration and molecular weight, DNA will form an achiral line hexatic phase.

* MARS ( software ), Data analysis software for automatic DNA / RNA concentration determination

A reaction consisting of the histone octamers and a naked DNA template can be incubated together at a salt concentration of 2 M. By steadily decreasing the salt concentration, the DNA will equilibrate to a position where it is wrapped around the histone octamers, forming nucleosomes.

Included with the primer and DNA polymerase are the four deoxynucleotide bases ( DNA building blocks ), along with a low concentration of a chain terminating nucleotide ( most commonly a di-deoxynucleotide ).

Euchromatin is a lightly packed form of chromatin ( DNA, RNA and protein ) that is rich in gene concentration, and is often ( but not always ) under active transcription.

The onset of the initiation phase of DNA replication is determined by the concentration of DnaA.

Now, you will have a number that describes the amount of DNA bound for each concentration of protein used, this information can be plotted on a binding curve to determine the binding constant.

Binding of single-stranded DNA to the tetramer can occur in different " modes ", with SSB occupying different numbers of DNA bases depending on a number of factors, including salt concentration.

Caesium chloride is used because at a concentration of 1. 6 to 1. 8 g / mL it is similar to the density of DNA.

Both the cDNA and the linker have blunt ends which can be ligated together using a high concentration of T4 DNA ligase.

DNA can be quantified by cutting the DNA with a restriction enzyme, running it on an agarose gel, staining with ethidium bromide or a different stain and comparing the intensity of the DNA with a DNA marker of known concentration.

Standard curves are most commonly used to determine the concentration of a substance such as protein or DNA.

The concentration of the modifying chemicals is controlled to introduce on average one modification per DNA molecule.

* RF DNA synthesis continues and amount of pV reaches critical concentration

Abzymes are usually artificial constructs, but are also found in normal humans ( anti-vasoactive intestinal peptide autoantibodies ) and in patients with autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, where they can bind to and hydrolyze DNA.

With the use of gel electrophoresis, it can be observed that OROV causes DNA fragmentation in HeLa cells.

These oxidants can damage cells by starting chemical chain reactions such as lipid peroxidation, or by oxidizing DNA or proteins.

Damage to DNA can cause mutations and possibly cancer, if not reversed by DNA repair mechanisms, while damage to proteins causes enzyme inhibition, denaturation and protein degradation.

These programs can compensate for mutations ( exchanged, deleted or inserted bases ) in the DNA sequence, to identify sequences that are related, but not identical.

Chemical analogs of nucleotides can take the place of proper nucleotides and establish non-canonical base-pairing, leading to errors ( mostly point mutations ) in DNA replication and DNA transcription.

The transferred DNA can then be integrated into the recipient genome via homologous recombination.

DNA microarray chip – some can do as many as a million blood tests at once

This is DNA which contains units named genes that can produce proteins through a code ( genetic code ) in which a series of triplets ( codons ) of four possible nucleotides are translated into one of twenty possible amino acids.

Several in vitro studies indicated that high concentrations of chromium ( III ) in the cell can lead to DNA damage.

The DNA molecule may be circular or linear, and can be composed of 100, 000 to over 3, 750, 000, 000 nucleotides in a long chain.

However in nature DNA can form three structures, A -, B-and Z-DNA.

Calreticulin can inhibit the binding of androgen receptor to its hormone-responsive DNA element and can inhibit androgen receptor and retinoic acid receptor transcriptional activities in vivo, as well as retinoic acid-induced neuronal differentiation.

In cells with a nucleus ( eukaryotes ), the cell cycle can be divided in two periods: interphase — during which the cell grows, accumulating nutrients needed for mitosis and duplicating its DNA — and the mitosis ( M ) phase, during which the cell splits itself into two distinct cells, often called " daughter cells " and the final phase, cytokinesis, where the new cell is completely divided.

" Regional centromeres " is the term coined to describe most centromeres, which typically form on regions of preferred DNA sequence, but what can form on other DNA sequences as well.

One difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic genes is that eukaryotic genes can contain introns ( intervening DNA sequences ) which are not coding sequences, in contrast with exons, which are DNA coding sequences.

# A poly-T oligonucleotide primer is hybridized onto the poly-A tail of the mature mRNA template, or random hexamer primers can be added which contain every possible 6 base single strand of DNA and can therefore hybridize anywhere on the RNA ( Reverse transcriptase requires this double-stranded segment as a primer to start its operation.

# From the hairpin loop, a DNA polymerase can then use it as a primer to transcribe a complementary sequence for the ss cDNA.

CMT can be diagnosed through symptoms, through measurement of the speed of nerve impulses ( electromyography ), through biopsy of the nerve, and through DNA testing.

DNA sequence analysis indicated that Liliales should be divided into at least Liliales, Asparagales and Dioscoreales.

* The Asparagales appear to be unified by a mutation affecting their telomeres ( a region of repetitive DNA at the end of a chromosome ).

Both the control and coding regions of their mitochondrial DNA were analyzed in detail, and 14 mtDNAs could be securely assigned to relevant haplogroups.

If the F-plasmid that is transferred has previously been integrated into the donor ’ s genome some of the donor ’ s chromosomal DNA may also be transferred with the plasmid DNA.

Carroll, in an autobiography, claimed to be the daughter of Marlon Brando, alleging that she had DNA tests done to prove it.

This animal, initially given the name the Elmendorf Beast, was later determined by DNA assay conducted at University of California, Davis to be a coyote with demodectic or sarcoptic mange.

However, because eukaryotic DNA has introns, and prokaryotes lack the machinery for removing introns from transcribed RNA, to make this approach work, all intron sequences must be removed from eukaryotic DNA prior to transferring it into the host.

When scientists transfer a gene from one cell into another cell in order to express the new genetic material as a protein in the recipient cell, the cDNA will be added to the recipient ( rather than the entire gene ), because the DNA for an entire gene may include DNA that does not code for the protein or that interrupts the coding sequence of the protein ( e. g., introns ).

Although each individual repeating unit is very small, DNA polymers can be very large molecules containing millions of nucleotides.

This situation varies in unusual conformations of DNA within the cell ( see below ), but the major and minor grooves are always named to reflect the differences in size that would be seen if the DNA is twisted back into the ordinary B form.

The two strands of DNA in a double helix can therefore be pulled apart like a zipper, either by a mechanical force or high temperature.

DDT may be directly genotoxic, but may also induce enzymes to produce other genotoxic intermediates and DNA adducts.

The most efficient ligation temperature for blunt-ended DNA would therefore be the temperature at which the greatest number of alignments can occur.

The nucleic acid is usually double-stranded DNA ( dsDNA ) but may also be single-stranded DNA ( ssDNA ).