Phylogenetics and Biogeography of Alnus ( Betulaceae ) Inferred from Sequences of Nuclear Ribosomal DNA ITS Region.

In another study, ancient DNA recovered from 16 Jomon skeletons excavated from Funadomari site, Hokkaido, Japan was analyzed to elucidate the genealogy of the early settlers of the Japanese archipelago.

In another study of ancient DNA published by the same authors in 2011, both the control and coding regions of mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA ) recovered from Jomon skeletons excavated from the northernmost island of Japan, Hokkaido, were analyzed in detail, and 54 mtDNAs were confidently assigned to relevant haplogroups.

Acquired resistance results from a mutation in the bacterial chromosome or the acquisition of extra-chromosomal DNA.

An autoantigen is usually a normal protein or complex of proteins ( and sometimes DNA or RNA ) that is recognized by the immune system of patients suffering from a specific autoimmune disease.

Tests for DNA laddering differentiate apoptosis from ischemic or toxic cell death.

Gels made from purified agarose have a relatively large pore size, making them useful for separation of large molecules, such as proteins and protein complexes > 200 kilodaltons, as well as DNA fragments > 100 basepairs.

In 1998 the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group published a phylogeny of flowering plants based on an analysis of DNA sequences from most families of flowering plants.

Instead it generates the sequences of many thousands of small DNA fragments ( ranging from 35 to 900 nucleotides long, depending on the sequencing technology ).

Although there were several competing theories as to the etiology of the Black Death, recent analysis of DNA from victims in northern and southern Europe indicates that the pathogen responsible was the Yersinia pestis bacterium, which causes the Bubonic plague, although these were different, previously unknown ancestral variants of those identified in the 20th century.

DNA Replication image from the Human Genome Project ( HGP )

The Bongo Surveillance Programme, working alongside the Kenya Wildlife Service, have recorded photos of bongos at remote salt licks in the Aberdare Forests using camera traps, and, by analyzing DNA extracted from dung, have confirmed the presence of bongo in Mount Kenya, Eburru and Mau forests.

4 ) Collect DNA samples from western bongo to calculate the relatedness of the two subspecies.

She stated that her DNA has expanded from 2 to 12 strands, to " absorb more hydrogen ".

Furthermore, the genetic code ( the " translation table " according to which DNA information is translated into proteins ) is nearly identical for all known lifeforms, from bacteria to humans.

Such evidence has come from two areas: amino acid sequences and DNA sequences.

Among the most important of its mechanisms is the anabolism, in which different DNA and enzyme-controlled processes result in the production of large molecules such as proteins and carbohydrates from smaller units.

* An Introduction to DNA and Chromosomes from HOPES: Huntington's Outreach Project for Education at Stanford

Usually DNA damage, if too severe to repair, leads to programmed cell death, but if the programmed cell death pathway is damaged, then the cell cannot prevent itself from becoming a cancer cell.

# A biochemists ’ operational definition: Chromatin is the DNA / protein / RNA complex extracted from eukaryotic lysed interphase nuclei.

They prevent these substances from becoming incorporated in to DNA during the " S " phase ( of the cell cycle ), stopping normal development and division.

Some systems have proposed as many as 90 subspecies, while recent DNA analysis has identified as few as five clades.

The asymmetric ends of DNA strands are called the 5 ′ ( five prime ) and 3 ′ ( three prime ) ends, with the 5 ' end having a terminal phosphate group and the 3 ' end a terminal hydroxyl group.

In 2007, S. Elizabeth Alter used a genetic approach to estimate prewhaling abundance based on samples from 42 California gray whales, and reported DNA variability at 10 genetic loci consistent with a population size of 76, 000 – 118, 000 individuals, three to five times larger than the average census size as measured through 2007.

In the recovery process, remains of the five hijackers were identified through process of elimination, since their DNA did not match any from the victims, and put into the custody of the FBI.

In the recovery process at the Pentagon, remains of all five Flight 77 hijackers were identified through a process of elimination, as not matching any DNA samples for the victims, and put into custody of the FBI.

In the recovery process at the Pentagon, remains of all five Flight 77 hijackers were identified through a process of elimination, as not matching any DNA samples for the victims, and put into custody of the FBI.

The current understanding is that repeating nucleosomes with intervening " linker " DNA form a 10-nm-fiber, described as " beads on a string ", and have a packing ratio of about five to ten.

Plasmid DNA may appear in one of five conformations, which ( for a given size ) run at different speeds in a gel during electrophoresis.

In 1991, the bodies of Nicholas II and his wife, along with three of their five children and four of their servants, were exhumed ( although some questioned the authenticity of these bones despite DNA testing ).

In the recovery process at the Pentagon, remains of all five Flight 77 hijackers were identified through a process of elimination, as not matching any DNA samples for the victims, and put into custody of the FBI.

The national database now contains the DNA information of nearly five million people.

Mitochondrial DNA sequences in 2009 have identified five distinct California sea lion populations: the US or Pacific Temperate stock, the Western Baja California or Pacific Tropical stock, and the Southern, Central, and Northern Gulf of California stocks.

The parents and all five children are now accounted for, and each has his or her own unique DNA profile .< ref >

This superfamily, the Certhioidea, is proposed on phylogenetic studies using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, and was created to cover a clade of ( four or ) five families removed from a larger grouping of passerine birds, the Sylvioidea.

Adenoviruses produce five primary transcripts early in its infectious cycle, prior to viral DNA replication, and an additional one later, after DNA replication begins.

The nuclear DNA of the unisexuals generally comprises genomes from up to five species: the Blue-spotted Salamander ( Ambystoma laterale ), Jefferson Salamander ( A. jeffersonianum ), Smallmouth Salamander ( A. texanum ), Streamside Salamander ( A. barbouri ), and Tiger Salamander ( A. tigrinum ), denoted respectively as L, J, T, B, and Ti.

A 2010 archeological study has found that cementum has five times the amount of mitochondrial DNA compared to dentine, which is commonly sampled.

About one-third of " white " Americans have detectable African DNA markers, and about five percent of " black " Americans have no detectable " negroid " traits at all, craniofacial or genetic.

Phylogenetic analyses of sequences of five plastid DNA regions, rbcL, rps4, trnL – F, matK, and rps16, confirm most aspects of the traditional classification of the Iridaceae in four subfamilies and the evolutionary patterns that they imply, importantly the sister relationship of Isophysidoideae to the remainder of the family and the monophyly of Iridoideae.

By 2002, the bodies of five of the eight British victims had been identified through DNA testing.

However, Slater's analysis of mitochondrial DNA from five museum specimens indicated that their most recent common ancestor lived some 330, 000 years ago, making it likely that the wolf arrived in the islands long before humans.

The same year came his first novel, Seni Tılsımlar Korur " Talismans Protect Thee "; a semi-fantastic fiction on immortality, a five thousand years old dark secret which had been hidden from humanity, a dark international conspiracy and a top secret research on human DNA.

In 2006, it was shown that this rule applies to four of the five types of double stranded genomes ; specifically it applies to the eukaryotic chromosomes, the bacterial chromosomes, the double stranded DNA viral genomes, and the archeal chromosomes.