Genetic testing involves the direct examination of the DNA molecule itself.

However, in 2009, the family authorities decided not to agree to DNA testing.

" The DNA testing was originally proposed to add new members, many of whose family record books were lost during 20th-century upheavals, to the Confucian family tree.

Output from a cDNA DNA microarray | microarray used in testing

CMT can be diagnosed through symptoms, through measurement of the speed of nerve impulses ( electromyography ), through biopsy of the nerve, and through DNA testing.

In 2007, Echols petitioned for a retrial based on a statute permitting post-conviction testing of DNA evidence due to technological advances made since 1994 which might provide exoneration for the wrongfully convicted.

As reported in the journal Science, testing of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA by Warren Johnson and Stephen O ' Brien of the U. S. National Cancer Institute demonstrated that ancient cats evolved into eight main lineages that diverged in the course of at least 10 migrations ( in both directions ) from continent to continent via the Bering land bridge and Isthmus of Panama, with the Panthera genus being the oldest and the Felis genus being the youngest.

On the other hand, since the advent of DNA testing to verify parentage, most breed registries now allow artificial insemination ( AI ), embryo transfer ( ET ), or both.

In 2010, bones were discovered in the ruins of a Bulgarian church and two years later, after DNA and radio carbon testing proved the bones belonged to a Middle Eastern man who lived in the first century AD, scientists said that the remains could conceivably have belonged to John the Baptist.

After the rumors surfaced that Bay's natural father was a filmmaker, there was much speculation about Frankenheimer, who continued to deny the story and told the Los Angeles Times that there had once been " tests " to determine paternity ( long before DNA testing ).

In the era before blood and DNA testing, Landis relied on witness testimony and awarded the child to Ryan.

DNA testing indicates resident males nearly always mate with females from other pods.

* DNA testing of the Saint Luke corpse

DNA testing linked Albert to genetic material taken from the bite marks and from semen in Perhach's underwear.

However, the Y-chromosome and mtDNA ( mitochondrial DNA ) testing processes for direct-line male and female ancestors can fail to pick up the heritage of many ancestors.

( Some critics thought the PBS series did not sufficiently explain the limitations of DNA testing for assessment of heritage.

DNA testing has limitations and should not be depended on by individuals to answer all their questions about heritage.

No tribes accept DNA testing to satisfy their differing qualifications for membership, usually based on documented blood quantum or descent from ancestor ( s ) listed on the Dawes Rolls.

DNA testing is not sufficient to qualify a person for specific tribal membership, as it cannot distinguish among Native American groups.

Some tribes have begun requiring genealogical DNA testing, but this is usually related to an individual's proving parentage or direct descent from a certified member.

Berg was frustrated by the expense of teaching students about recombinant DNA from textbooks instead of in wet labs, used for the testing and analysis of chemicals, drugs, and other materials or biological matter.

A team of 24 identified the victims using full-body X-rays, dental examinations, fingerprinting, blood tests, and DNA testing.

These include DNA cloning for sequencing, DNA-based phylogeny, or functional analysis of genes ; the diagnosis of hereditary diseases ; the identification of genetic fingerprints ( used in forensic sciences and paternity testing ); and the detection and diagnosis of infectious diseases.

The large size and complexity of PKD1 and PKD2 genes, as well as marked allelic heterogeneity, present obstacles to molecular testing by direct DNA analysis.

Abzymes are usually artificial constructs, but are also found in normal humans ( anti-vasoactive intestinal peptide autoantibodies ) and in patients with autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, where they can bind to and hydrolyze DNA.

With the use of gel electrophoresis, it can be observed that OROV causes DNA fragmentation in HeLa cells.

These oxidants can damage cells by starting chemical chain reactions such as lipid peroxidation, or by oxidizing DNA or proteins.

Damage to DNA can cause mutations and possibly cancer, if not reversed by DNA repair mechanisms, while damage to proteins causes enzyme inhibition, denaturation and protein degradation.

These programs can compensate for mutations ( exchanged, deleted or inserted bases ) in the DNA sequence, to identify sequences that are related, but not identical.

Chemical analogs of nucleotides can take the place of proper nucleotides and establish non-canonical base-pairing, leading to errors ( mostly point mutations ) in DNA replication and DNA transcription.

The transferred DNA can then be integrated into the recipient genome via homologous recombination.

DNA microarray chip – some can do as many as a million blood tests at once

This is DNA which contains units named genes that can produce proteins through a code ( genetic code ) in which a series of triplets ( codons ) of four possible nucleotides are translated into one of twenty possible amino acids.

Several in vitro studies indicated that high concentrations of chromium ( III ) in the cell can lead to DNA damage.

The DNA molecule may be circular or linear, and can be composed of 100, 000 to over 3, 750, 000, 000 nucleotides in a long chain.

However in nature DNA can form three structures, A -, B-and Z-DNA.

Calreticulin can inhibit the binding of androgen receptor to its hormone-responsive DNA element and can inhibit androgen receptor and retinoic acid receptor transcriptional activities in vivo, as well as retinoic acid-induced neuronal differentiation.

In cells with a nucleus ( eukaryotes ), the cell cycle can be divided in two periods: interphase — during which the cell grows, accumulating nutrients needed for mitosis and duplicating its DNA — and the mitosis ( M ) phase, during which the cell splits itself into two distinct cells, often called " daughter cells " and the final phase, cytokinesis, where the new cell is completely divided.

" Regional centromeres " is the term coined to describe most centromeres, which typically form on regions of preferred DNA sequence, but what can form on other DNA sequences as well.

One difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic genes is that eukaryotic genes can contain introns ( intervening DNA sequences ) which are not coding sequences, in contrast with exons, which are DNA coding sequences.

# A poly-T oligonucleotide primer is hybridized onto the poly-A tail of the mature mRNA template, or random hexamer primers can be added which contain every possible 6 base single strand of DNA and can therefore hybridize anywhere on the RNA ( Reverse transcriptase requires this double-stranded segment as a primer to start its operation.

# From the hairpin loop, a DNA polymerase can then use it as a primer to transcribe a complementary sequence for the ss cDNA.