Genetic testing involves the direct examination of the DNA molecule itself.

However, in 2009, the family authorities decided not to agree to DNA testing.

" The DNA testing was originally proposed to add new members, many of whose family record books were lost during 20th-century upheavals, to the Confucian family tree.

Output from a cDNA DNA microarray | microarray used in testing

CMT can be diagnosed through symptoms, through measurement of the speed of nerve impulses ( electromyography ), through biopsy of the nerve, and through DNA testing.

DNA testing can give a definitive diagnosis, but not all the genetic markers for CMT are known. CMT is first noticed when someone develops lower leg weakness and foot deformities such as foot drop, hammertoes and high arches.

In 2007, Echols petitioned for a retrial based on a statute permitting post-conviction testing of DNA evidence due to technological advances made since 1994 which might provide exoneration for the wrongfully convicted.

As reported in the journal Science, testing of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA by Warren Johnson and Stephen O ' Brien of the U. S. National Cancer Institute demonstrated that ancient cats evolved into eight main lineages that diverged in the course of at least 10 migrations ( in both directions ) from continent to continent via the Bering land bridge and Isthmus of Panama, with the Panthera genus being the oldest and the Felis genus being the youngest.

On the other hand, since the advent of DNA testing to verify parentage, most breed registries now allow artificial insemination ( AI ), embryo transfer ( ET ), or both.

In 2010, bones were discovered in the ruins of a Bulgarian church and two years later, after DNA and radio carbon testing proved the bones belonged to a Middle Eastern man who lived in the first century AD, scientists said that the remains could conceivably have belonged to John the Baptist.

After the rumors surfaced that Bay's natural father was a filmmaker, there was much speculation about Frankenheimer, who continued to deny the story and told the Los Angeles Times that there had once been " tests " to determine paternity ( long before DNA testing ).

In the era before blood and DNA testing, Landis relied on witness testimony and awarded the child to Ryan.

DNA testing indicates resident males nearly always mate with females from other pods.

* DNA testing of the Saint Luke corpse

However, the Y-chromosome and mtDNA ( mitochondrial DNA ) testing processes for direct-line male and female ancestors can fail to pick up the heritage of many ancestors.

( Some critics thought the PBS series did not sufficiently explain the limitations of DNA testing for assessment of heritage.

DNA testing has limitations and should not be depended on by individuals to answer all their questions about heritage.

No tribes accept DNA testing to satisfy their differing qualifications for membership, usually based on documented blood quantum or descent from ancestor ( s ) listed on the Dawes Rolls.

DNA testing is not sufficient to qualify a person for specific tribal membership, as it cannot distinguish among Native American groups.

Some tribes have begun requiring genealogical DNA testing, but this is usually related to an individual's proving parentage or direct descent from a certified member.

Berg was frustrated by the expense of teaching students about recombinant DNA from textbooks instead of in wet labs, used for the testing and analysis of chemicals, drugs, and other materials or biological matter.

A team of 24 identified the victims using full-body X-rays, dental examinations, fingerprinting, blood tests, and DNA testing.

These include DNA cloning for sequencing, DNA-based phylogeny, or functional analysis of genes ; the diagnosis of hereditary diseases ; the identification of genetic fingerprints ( used in forensic sciences and paternity testing ); and the detection and diagnosis of infectious diseases.

The large size and complexity of PKD1 and PKD2 genes, as well as marked allelic heterogeneity, present obstacles to molecular testing by direct DNA analysis.

When cells enter mitosis, the sister chromatids ( which represent the two copies of each chromosomal DNA molecule resulting from DNA replication earlier in the cell cycle and packaged by histones and other proteins into chromatin ) are linked all along their length by the action of the cohesin complex.

Polymers comprising multiple linked nucleotides ( as in DNA ) are called a polynucleotide.

A DNA test linked Burton to the Hausa people of Nigeria.

Past lecturers include Odile Crick, wife of Francis Crick ; she created the simple iconic image of DNA as two intertwined ribbons linked by ten rungs per turn of the double helix that appeared in the article in Nature announcing the discovery of its structure.

DNA and RNA have a deoxyribose and ribose sugar backbone, respectively, whereas PNA's backbone is composed of repeating N -( 2-aminoethyl )- glycine units linked by peptide bonds.

* They act on DNA ( activating or inhibiting transcription factors such as NF-κB, which is linked to pro-inflammatory cytokine production )

Though Young had publicly denied the child as being his, he later admitted paternity, after DNA tests linked the boy to the mayor following a paternity lawsuit filed by Calvert.

: ii ) " The molecule of DNA has two helical strands that are linked by base pairs Adenine – Thymine or Guanine – Cytosine.

In so-called circular DNA, in which double helical DNA is bent around and joined in a circle, the two strands are topologically linked, or knotted.

In 2002 Hanratty's body was exhumed and the Court of Appeal upheld his conviction after Hanratty's DNA was linked to crime scene samples.

On November 30, 2001, as he was leaving the Renton, Washington Kenworth Truck factory where he worked, he was arrested for the murders of four women whose cases were linked to him through DNA evidence.

Ridgway was arrested on suspicion of murdering four women nearly 20 years after first being identified as a potential suspect, when DNA evidence conclusively linked semen left in the victims to the saliva swab taken by the police.

The possible letters are A, C, G, and T, representing the four nucleotide bases of a DNA strand — adenine, cytosine, guanine, thymine — covalently linked to a phosphodiester backbone.

FtsZ polymerization is also linked to stressors like DNA damage.

They hypothesized that if discontinuous replication, involving short DNA chains linked together by polynucleotide ligase, is the mechanism used in DNA synthesis, then “ newly synthesized short DNA chains would accumulate in the cell under conditions where the function of ligase is temporarily impaired .” E. coli were infected with Bacteriophage T4 that produce temperature-sensitive polynucleotide ligase.

The protein has a transactivation domain linked by a relatively unstructured hinge region to a well-characterized DNA binding domain.

Quantitative trait loci ( QTLs ) are stretches of DNA containing or linked to the genes that underlie a quantitative trait.

* In 2011, 73-year old Samuel Evans plead guilty to 1968 & 1972 cold cases after DNA evidence linked him to the slayings.

In recent years there has been a distinct change in style from the mechanical hands-on exhibitions of ' Wet Move-it ' to more computer based exhibitions such as ' Inside DNA ' and the Aardman Animations linked ' Animate It!

DNA tests linked Jacobson to at least 15 such children, and it has been suspected that he fathered as many as 75 children by impregnating patients with his own sperm.