Vitamin B < sub > 12 </ sub > was, in the 1990s, suggested as a remedy for DSPD, and can still be found to be recommended by many sources.

One study of 61 DSPD patients with mean sleep onset at about 3 a. m. and mean waking time of about 11: 30 a. m., was followed up with questionnaires to the subjects a year later.

Sleep researchers have proposed that the existence of untreatable cases of DSPD be formally recognized as a " sleep-wake schedule disorder disability ", an invisible disability.

It is also genetically linked to ADHD by findings of polymorphism in genes in common between those apparently involved in ADHD and those involved in the circadian rhythm and a high proportion of DSPD among those with ADHD.

DSPD can be treated or helped in some cases by careful daily sleep practices, light therapy, and medications such as melatonin and modafinil ( Provigil ); the former is a natural neurohormone responsible partly and in tiny amounts for the human body clock.

Often people with DSPD manage only a few hours sleep a night during the working week, then compensate by sleeping until the afternoon on weekends.

In support of the increased sensitivity to evening light hypothesis, " the percentage of melatonin suppression by a bright light stimulus of 1, 000 lux administered 2 hours prior to the melatonin peak has been reported to be greater in 15 DSPD patients than in 15 controls.

DSPD is diagnosed by a clinical interview, actigraphic monitoring and / or a sleep diary kept by the patient for at least three weeks.

Lack of public awareness of the disorder contributes to the difficulties experienced by people with DSPD, who are commonly stereotyped as undisciplined or lazy.

DSPD patients who also suffer from depression may be best served by seeking treatment for both problems.

As with delayed sleep phase disorder ( DSPS or DSPD ), in the absence of neurological damage due to trauma or stroke, cases almost never appear after the age of 30.

Delayed sleep-phase disorder ( DSPD ), also known as delayed sleep-phase syndrome ( DSPS ) or delayed sleep-phase type ( DSPT ), is a circadian rhythm sleep disorder affecting the timing of sleep, peak period of alertness, the core body temperature rhythm, hormonal and other daily rhythms, compared to the general population and relative to societal requirements.

People with DSPD generally fall asleep some hours after midnight and have difficulty waking up in the morning.

Unless they have another sleep disorder such as sleep apnea in addition to DSPD, patients can sleep well and have a normal need for sleep.

An adolescent version disappears in adolescence or early adulthood ; otherwise DSPD is a lifelong condition.

However, as few doctors are aware of it, it often goes untreated or is treated inappropriately ; DSPD is often misdiagnosed as primary insomnia or as a psychiatric condition.

* People with DSPD have at least a normal — and often much greater than normal — ability to sleep during the morning, and sometimes in the afternoon as well.

* People with DSPD fall asleep at more or less the same time every night, and sleep comes quite rapidly if the person goes to bed near the time he or she usually falls asleep.

Young children with DSPD resist going to bed before they are sleepy, but the bedtime struggles disappear if they are allowed to stay up until the time they usually fall asleep.

* DSPD patients can sleep well and regularly when they can follow their own sleep schedule, e. g. on weekends and during vacations.

* DSPD is a chronic condition.

Symptoms must have been present for at least one month before a diagnosis of DSPD can be made.

Sleeping in on weekends, and / or taking long naps during the day, may give people with DSPD relief from daytime sleepiness but may also perpetuate the late sleep phase.

People with DSPD can be called night owls.

People with DSPD cannot simply force themselves to sleep early.

By the time those who have DSPD seek medical help, they usually have tried many times to change their sleeping schedule.

DSPD patients who have tried using sedatives at night often report that the medication makes them feel tired or relaxed, but that it fails to induce sleep.

Using the strict ICSD diagnostic criteria, a random study in 1993 of 7700 adults ( aged 18 – 67 ) in Norway estimated the prevalence of DSPD at 0. 17 %.

DSPD is not uncommon among teenagers ; at least one study has indicated that the prevalence of DSPD among adolescents is as high as 7 %.

Before starting DSPD treatment, patients are often asked to spend at least a week sleeping regularly, without napping, at the times when the patient is most comfortable.

Working the evening or night shift, or working at home, makes DSPD less of an obstacle for some.

In a few schools and universities, students with DSPD have been able to arrange to take exams at times of day when their concentration levels may be good.

Persons with obsessive-compulsive disorder are also diagnosed with DSPD at a much higher rate than the general public.

But her prettiness was what he had noticed first, and all the other things had come afterward: cruelty, meanness, self-will.

There was an artificial lake just out of sight in the first stand of trees, fed by a half dozen springs that popped out of the ground above the hillside orchard.

The first part of the road was steep, but it leveled off after the second bend and curled gradually into the valley.

No one was behind it, but in the rear wall of the office I noticed, for the first time, a door which had been left partially open.

The herd was watered and then thrown onto a broad grass flat which was to be the first night's bedground.

Once again, Tom Horn was the first and most likely suspect, and he was brought in for questioning immediately.

For Matilda, it was the first she had known in many a night.

Even the knowledge that she was losing another boy, as a mother always does when a marriage is made, did not prevent her from having the first carefree, dreamless sleep that she had known since they dropped down the canyon and into Bear Valley, way, way back there when they were crossing those other mountains.

Stevens was grunting over the last empty pocket when Russ abruptly rose and lunged toward Carmer's hat, which had tumbled half-a-dozen feet away when he first fell.

The Indian's arm whipped sidewise -- there was a flash of amber and froth, the crash of the bottle shattering against the side of the first car.

It was her first smile.

At first, I thought he was out of his head, talking wildly like this.

Hell, I gave him the first decent job he ever had, six, seven -- how many years ago was it, Rob ''??

Miss Langford ( her first name was Evelyn ) was an attractive girl.

School began in August, the hottest part of the year, and for the first few days Miss Langford was very lenient with the children, letting them play a lot and the new ones sort of get acquainted with one another.

It was just as well that the ignorant Dandy enjoyed himself to the hilt that first evening, for the room was to become his prison cell.

`` Bastards '', he would say, `` all I did was put a beat to that Vivaldi stuff, and the first chair clobbered me ''!!

In 1961 the first important legislative victory of the Kennedy Administration came when the principle of national responsibility for local economic distress won out over a `` state's-responsibility '' proposal -- provision was made for payment for unemployment relief by nation-wide taxation rather than by a levy only on those states afflicted with manpower surplus.

The first systematic thinking about this Pandora's box within Pandora's boxes was done four years ago by Fred Ikle, a frail, meek-mannered Swiss-born sociologist.

The smell at first was more surprising than unpleasant.

His collaboration with Washington, begun when he was the general's aide during the Revolution, was resumed when he entered the first Cabinet as Secretary of the Treasury.