Determining what average input means is difficult, and often that average input has properties which make it difficult to characterise mathematically ( consider, for instance, algorithms that are designed to operate on strings of text ).

Determining the satisfiability of a formula in conjunctive normal form where each clause is limited to at most three literals is NP-complete ; this problem is called " 3SAT ", " 3CNFSAT ", or " 3-satisfiability ".

Determining the satisfiability of a formula in which each clause is limited to at most two literals is NL-complete ; this problem is called " 2SAT ".

Determining the satisfiability of a formula in which each clause is a Horn clause ( i. e. it contains at most one positive literal ) is P-complete ; this problem is called Horn-satisfiability.

Determining a precise distance to the LMC, as with any other galaxy, was challenging due to the use of standard candles for calculating distances, with the primary problem being that many of the standard candles are not as ' standard ' as one would like ; in many cases, the age and / or metallicity of the standard candle plays a role in determining the intrinsic luminosity of the object.

Determining the truth or factual accuracy of information in a message is generally considered a separate problem from authentication.

Determining which instructions would actually be encountered during a run of the program reduces to the proven-unsolvable halting problem.

Determining optimality for rational behavior requires a quantifiable formulation of the problem, and the making of several key assumptions.

Determining whether such paths and cycles exist in graphs is the Hamiltonian path problem, which is NP-complete.

Determining the spatial lightning distribution from Schumann resonance records is a complex problem: in order to estimate the lightning intensity from Schumann resonance records it is necessary to account for both the distance to lightning sources as well as the wave propagation between the source and the observer.

Determining the prime factors of a number is an example of a problem frequently used to ensure cryptographic security in encryption systems ; this problem is believed to require super-polynomial time in the number of digits-it is relatively easy to construct a problem that would take longer than the known age of the Universe to solve on current computers using current algorithms.

Determining longitudinal position was a major problem in marine navigation ; Newton argued that astronomical positioning could be used, but an easier theoretical possibility was to use accurate knowledge of the time at a specific, base, location.

Determining whether there is an isomorphism between two graphs is also an important problem in computational complexity theory ; see graph isomorphism problem.

Determining the achromatic number is NP-hard ; determining if it is greater than a given number is NP-complete, as shown by Yannakakis and Gavril in 1978 by transformation from the minimum maximal matching problem.

" Determining exactly what formed the Serpent Mound Cryptoexplosion Structure is a problem that geologists continue to debate.

Determining a suitable classifier for a given problem is however still more an art than a science.

Determining the UMVUE, if one exists, for a particular problem is important for practical statistics, since less-than-optimal procedures would naturally be avoided, other things being equal.

Determining which cause is most likely is often a process of elimination-eliminating potential causes of a problem.

Determining the composition of the Memorial depends on the dates of Nehemiah's mission: It is commonly accepted that " Artaxerxes " was Artaxerxes I ( there were two later kings of the same name ), and that Nehemiah's first period in Jerusalem was therefore 445-433 BC ; allowing for his return to Susa and second journey to Jerusalem, the end of the 5th century BC is therefore the earliest possible date for the Memorial.

* Determining sex ;

* Determining the relevance of precedents by exclusionary principles of evidence and logic ;

Determining the presence of both parts of this definition is not always straightforward, as hypoglycemic symptoms and effects are vague and can be produced by other conditions ; people with recurrently low glucose levels can lose their threshold symptoms so that severe neuroglycopenic impairment can occur without much warning, and many measurement methods ( especially glucose meters ) are imprecise at low levels.

Determining the nature of the planet has not been straightforward ; a 2002 paper hypothesizes that the lumps are caused by a roughly Jupiter-mass planet on an eccentric orbit.

Now we consider the set of all normal sets, R. Determining whether R is normal or abnormal is impossible: If R were a normal set, it would be contained in the set of normal sets ( itself ), and therefore be abnormal ; and if R were abnormal, it would not be contained in the set of all normal sets ( itself ), and therefore be normal.

Determining What Is Important ;

Determining the precise end of the Republic is a task of dispute by modern historians ; Roman citizens of the time did not recognize that the Republic had ceased to exist.

; Interpretation: Determining if an indication is of a type to be investigated.

; Evaluation: Determining if a flaw is rejectable.

Determining this cut-off point, the rate above which the growth is deemed to be significant ( and likely to lead to extra demands on cash ) is a critical requirement of the technique ; and one that, again, makes the use of the BCG Matrix problematical in some product areas.

Determining a precise location in the sky was complicated by the fact that the Big Ear telescope used two feed horns to search for signals, each pointing to a slightly different direction in the sky following Earth's rotation ; the Wow!

Determining causes for cerebral palsy ;

Determining styles in capoeira is a very tough task, since there was never a unity in the original capoeira, or a teaching method before the decade of 1920.

Determining how much insurance to get, at the most cost effective terms requires knowledge of the market for personal insurance.

Determining a " country of origin " is thus much more difficult than determining other aspects of a gem ( such as cut, clarity etc.

* Determining the water balance of a region.

* Determining the agricultural water balance.

Determining how many people died in these massacres overall is difficult.

Determining a precise value for a particular knot is difficult because many factors can affect a knot efficiency test: the type of fiber, the style of rope, the size of rope, whether it is wet or dry, how the knot is dressed before loading, how rapidly it is loaded, whether the knot is repeatedly loaded, and so on.

Determining whether a particular event or proceeding constitutes the commencement of adversarial criminal proceedings requires both an examination of the rules of criminal procedure for the jurisdiction in which the crime is charged and the Supreme Courts cases dealing with the issue of when formal prosecution begins.

* Leading / directing: Determining what needs to be done in a situation and getting people to do it.

Determining the distances to astronomical objects is crucial to understanding them, but the vast majority of objects are too far away for their distances to be directly determined.

Determining if the customer is likely to return to reclaim an item is a subjective decision, and wily customers may attempt to persuade the pawnshop owner that the item in question is important to them (" that necklace belonged to my grandmother, so I will certainly return for it "), and they will claim that they will return to recover it.

Determining the redshift of an object in this way requires a frequency-or wavelength-range.

Determining what exactly separates a short story from longer fictional formats is problematic.

Determining the sequence is therefore useful in fundamental research into why and how organisms live, as well as in applied subjects.

Determining part of a protein's amino-acid sequence ( often one end ) by one of the above methods may be sufficient to enable the identification of a clone carrying the gene.

* Determining and prioritizing security needs and aligning them with the perceived threats and the available budget.

Determining the temperature of a pot of hot liquid required the user to leave the thermometer in the hot liquid until after reading it.