Determining a precise distance to the LMC, as with any other galaxy, was challenging due to the use of standard candles for calculating distances, with the primary problem being that many of the standard candles are not as ' standard ' as one would like ; in many cases, the age and / or metallicity of the standard candle plays a role in determining the intrinsic luminosity of the object.

* Determining the appropriate metadata needed for each object type and how it is associated with the objects.

Determining how much insurance to get, at the most cost effective terms requires knowledge of the market for personal insurance.

Determining whether a particular event or proceeding constitutes the commencement of adversarial criminal proceedings requires both an examination of the rules of criminal procedure for the jurisdiction in which the crime is charged and the Supreme Courts cases dealing with the issue of when formal prosecution begins.

Determining the root cause of the indicator displacement ( lateral runout ) requires disassembly of the disc from the hub.

Determining optimality for rational behavior requires a quantifiable formulation of the problem, and the making of several key assumptions.

Determining costs requires keeping records of goods or materials purchased and any discounts on such purchase.

Determining how much of each of these components to allocate to particular goods requires either tracking the particular costs or making some allocations of costs.

Determining which goods have been sold, and the cost of those goods, requires either identifying the goods or using a convention to assume which goods were sold.

Determining how much insurance to get, at the most cost effective terms requires knowledge of the market for personal insurance.

Determining the absolute concentration of a compound requires knowledge of the compound's absorption coefficient.

Determining the maximum effective conjugation length requires the synthesis of regioregular PTs of defined length.

Determining a clear winner ( and, incidentally, a clear loser ) usually requires the same number of rounds as a knockout tournament, that is the binary logarithm of the number of players rounded up.

Determining your location in 2D space requires two measurements or angle or range-two angle measurements, two distance measurements, or one angle and one distance.

Determining the present location of Amundsen's tent requires consideration of the precision of Amundsen's navigation in 1911, the flow of ice since then, and the amount of burial by intervening snow fall.

Determining the strain energy within a molecule requires knowledge of the expected internal energy without the strain.

Determining source routes requires accumulating the address of each device between the source and destination during route discovery.

Determining the ground speed of an aircraft requires the calculation of the head or tailwind.

Determining the composition of the Memorial depends on the dates of Nehemiah's mission: It is commonly accepted that " Artaxerxes " was Artaxerxes I ( there were two later kings of the same name ), and that Nehemiah's first period in Jerusalem was therefore 445-433 BC ; allowing for his return to Susa and second journey to Jerusalem, the end of the 5th century BC is therefore the earliest possible date for the Memorial.

Determining the satisfiability of a formula in which each clause is a Horn clause ( i. e. it contains at most one positive literal ) is P-complete ; this problem is called Horn-satisfiability.

Determining styles in capoeira is a very tough task, since there was never a unity in the original capoeira, or a teaching method before the decade of 1920.

Determining an instance of the membership problem ; i. e. given a string, determine whether where is the language generated by some grammar ; is also known as parsing.

Determining a " country of origin " is thus much more difficult than determining other aspects of a gem ( such as cut, clarity etc.

Determining the presence of both parts of this definition is not always straightforward, as hypoglycemic symptoms and effects are vague and can be produced by other conditions ; people with recurrently low glucose levels can lose their threshold symptoms so that severe neuroglycopenic impairment can occur without much warning, and many measurement methods ( especially glucose meters ) are imprecise at low levels.

* Determining the water balance of a region.

* Determining the agricultural water balance.

Determining how many people died in these massacres overall is difficult.

Determining a precise value for a particular knot is difficult because many factors can affect a knot efficiency test: the type of fiber, the style of rope, the size of rope, whether it is wet or dry, how the knot is dressed before loading, how rapidly it is loaded, whether the knot is repeatedly loaded, and so on.

* Leading / directing: Determining what needs to be done in a situation and getting people to do it.

Determining the distances to astronomical objects is crucial to understanding them, but the vast majority of objects are too far away for their distances to be directly determined.

Determining if the customer is likely to return to reclaim an item is a subjective decision, and wily customers may attempt to persuade the pawnshop owner that the item in question is important to them (" that necklace belonged to my grandmother, so I will certainly return for it "), and they will claim that they will return to recover it.

Determining what exactly separates a short story from longer fictional formats is problematic.

Determining the sequence is therefore useful in fundamental research into why and how organisms live, as well as in applied subjects.

Determining part of a protein's amino-acid sequence ( often one end ) by one of the above methods may be sufficient to enable the identification of a clone carrying the gene.

* Determining and prioritizing security needs and aligning them with the perceived threats and the available budget.

Determining the temperature of a pot of hot liquid required the user to leave the thermometer in the hot liquid until after reading it.

In physics ( especially astrophysics ), redshift happens when light seen coming from an object that is moving away is proportionally increased in wavelength, or shifted to the red end of the spectrum.

A special relativistic redshift formula ( and its classical approximation ) can be used to calculate the redshift of a nearby object when spacetime is flat.

The spectrum of the object revealed a redshift of z = 0. 835, placing the burst at a distance of roughly 6 billion light years from Earth.

That is, earlier times are identical to the " distance from the observer " in spacetime, which is assessed as the redshift of the light arriving from the observed celestial object: the cosmological principle is preserved because the same sequence of evolution is observed in all directions from earth, and is inferred to be identical to the sequence that would be observed from any other location in the universe.

Light from an object with a substantial relative radial velocity at emission will be subject to the Doppler effect, so the frequency of the light decreases for objects that were receding ( redshift ) and increases for objects that were approaching ( blueshift ).

The burst happened approximately 13 billion years ago, so a distance of about 13 billion light years was widely quoted in the media ( or sometimes a more precise figure of 13. 035 billion light years ), though this would be the " light travel distance " ( see Distance measures ( cosmology )) rather than the " proper distance " used in both Hubble's law and in defining the size of the observable universe ( cosmologist Ned Wright argues against the common use of light travel distance in astronomical press releases on this page, and at the bottom of the page offers online calculators that can be used to calculate the current proper distance to a distant object in a flat universe based on either the redshift z or the light travel time ).

Another record-holder for most distant object is a galaxy observed through and located beyond Abell 2218, also with a light travel distance of approximately 13 billion light years from Earth, with observations from the Hubble telescope indicating a redshift between 6. 6 and 7. 1, and observations from Keck telescopes indicating a redshift towards the upper end of this range, around 7.

If the measured redshift was due to expansion, then the object in question would have to be very far away.

Another explanation that was offered was that it was gravitational redshift that was being measured ; this would require a massive object that would also explain the high luminosities.

As the observed object recedes, photons are emitted at a reduced rate because each photon has to travel a distance that is a little longer than the previous one, while its energy is reduced a little because of increasing redshift at a larger distance.

According to the Friedmann – Lemaître – Robertson – Walker metric which is used to model the expanding universe, if at the present time we receive light from a distant object with a redshift of z, then the scale factor at the time the object originally emitted that light is given by the equation.

A blueshift ( or redshift ) does not alter the amount of energy emitted by the object and therefore is not a beaming effect.

Using Hubble's law, the redshift can be used to calculate the distance of an object from Earth.

It was not until 1982 that the surrounding faint galactic " nebulosity " was confirmed to have the same redshift as 3C48, cementing its identification as an object in a distant galaxy.

If z is the objects redshift, relating to how far emitted light is shifted toward longer wavelengths as a result of the object moving away from us with the universal expansion, D < sub > A </ sub > and V < sub > A </ sub > are the actual distance and volume ( or what would be measured today ) and D < sub > C </ sub > and V < sub > C </ sub > are the comoving distance and volumes of interest, then