His fellow Knights of the Garter created in 1867 were Charles Gordon-Lennox, 6th Duke of Richmond, Charles Manners, 6th Duke of Rutland, Henry Somerset, 8th Duke of Beaufort, Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, Franz Joseph I of Austria and Alexander II of Russia.

In 1796 the Duke of Zweibrücken, Maximilian Joseph, the future Bavarian king Max I. Joseph, was exiled to Ansbach after Zweibrücken had been taken by the French.

The Duke of Wellington fought Napoleon's forces in the Peninsular War, with Joseph Bonaparte ruling as Napoleon's surrogate king at Madrid.

These include Richard Kirwan, John Smeaton, Henry Moyes, John Michell, Pieter Camper, R. E. Raspe, John Baskerville, Thomas Beddoes, John Wyatt, William Thomson, Cyril V. Jackson, Jean-André Deluc, John Wilkinson, John Ash, Samuel More, Robert Bage, James Brindley, Ralph Griffiths, John Roebuck, Thomas Percival, Joseph Black, James Hutton, Benjamin Franklin, Joseph Banks, William Herschel, Daniel Solander, John Warltire, George Fordyce, Alexander Blair, Samuel Parr, Louis Joseph d ' Albert d ' Ailly, the seventh Duke of Chaulnes, Barthélemy Faujas de Saint-Fond, Grossart de Virly ,, Johann Gottling.

Emperor Joseph II however made a preliminary pact to make a neighbour of Luxembourg, Charles Theodore, Elector Palatine, as Duke of Luxembourg and king in the Low Countries, in exchange of his possessions in Bavaria and Franconia.

* 1786 – Peter Leopold Joseph of Habsburg-Lorraine, Grand Duke of Tuscany, promulgates a penal reform making his country the first state to abolish the death penalty.

Some of the pressure was subtle: for an unprecedented impromptu visit to the conclave by Emperor Joseph II ( 1765 – 90 ) and his brother Leopold, Grand Duke of Tuscany, officially incognito, the seals were broken, the Austrians inspected the proceedings with great interest and brought with them a festive banquet.

* November 30 – Peter Leopold Joseph of Habsburg-Lorraine, Grand Duke of Tuscany, promulgates a penal reform making his country the first state to abolish the death penalty.

Charles Theodore's heir, Maximilian Joseph, Duke of Zweibrücken ( on the French border ), brought all the Wittelsbach territories under a single rule in 1799.

* Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine ( 1712 – 1780 ), son of Leopold Joseph, Duke of Lorraine and Élisabeth Charlotte d ' Orléans

His tenure was not altogether successful, partly because he was deceived by his ally, the Duke of Marlborough, into a diversionary attack, and partly because Emperor Joseph I appropriated the funds necessary for George's campaign for his own use.

During the War of the Spanish Succession, parts of Lorraine, including the capital Nancy, were again occupied by France, but Duke Leopold Joseph continued to reign at the Château de Lunéville.

Franz Joseph I or Francis Joseph I ( German:, Hungarian:, 18 August 1830 – 21 November 1916 ) was Emperor of Austria, King of Bohemia, King of Croatia, Apostolic King of Hungary, King of Galicia and Lodomeria and Grand Duke of Cracow from 1848 until his death in 1916.

The last known event of this sort was the destruction of the Duke of Aveiro's palace in Lisbon in 1759, due to his participation in the Távora affair ( a conspiracy against King Joseph I of Portugal ).

In 1821 the society leased part of the Duke of Devonshire's estate at Chiswick to set up an experimental garden ; in 1823 it employed Joseph Paxton there.

Randall and Joseph A. Porter ( editors ), Renaissance Papers 1984: Southeastern Renaissance Conference ( North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1985 ), 29 – 36

An intimate friend of the Queen, Yolande de Polastron, duchesse de Polignac, was appointed Governess to the Royal Children, Madame Royale, Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France and the young Louis-Charles, Duke of Normandy, the future Louis XVII.

From birth to 1789, as a second son, he was known officially as Louis-Charles, Duke of Normandy and colloquially as the prince du sang ( prince of the blood ); then on becoming heir-apparent as a four year old after the death of his 7 year old older brother the Dauphin Louis Joseph from a quick acting illness on June 4, 1789 to October 1791 he became styled for the period officially as Louis-Charles, Dauphin of France ( the seventeenth Dauphin of France ; the hereditary title under the Capet Monarchy of a French crown prince ).

At the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt on October 14, 1806 – when Napoleon invaded Prussia and defeated the massed Prussian-Saxon army commanded by Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick – he was captured, one of the 25, 000 prisoners captured that day as the Prussian army disintegrated.

** Ferdinand I, 2nd Duke of Braganza.

** Ferdinand II, 3rd Duke of Braganza and 1st Duke of Guimarães ( 1475 ).

He went so far in 1608 as to sign a commercial treaty with Duke Ferdinand I of Tuscany containing secret military clauses.

In 1512 under Ferdinand the Catholic as King of the first political unit referred to as Spain, joint Spanish troops from both the Kingdom of Castile and the Kingdom of Aragon commanded by Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo, second Duke of Alba, first invaded partially the Kingdom of Navarre.

Fernipharus ( after Duke Ferdinand de ' Medici )-by Giovanni Batista Hodierna, a disciple of Galileo and author of the first ephemerides ( Medicaeorum Ephemerides, 1656 );

* 1754 – Ferdinand, Duke of Breisgau ( d. 1806 )

* 1769 – Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany ( d. 1824 )

Melilla was part of the Kingdom of Fez when the Catholic Monarchs, Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon requested Juan Alfonso Pérez de Guzmán, 3rd Duke of Medina Sidonia, to take the city.

* January 17 – Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany ( born 1835 )

* October 9 – Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick ( d. 1806 )

* July 3 – Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick ( b. 1721 )

* June 10 – Ferdinand IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany, ( d. 1908 )

* June 18 – Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany ( b. 1769 )

* February 14 – Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry ( stabbed ) ( b. 1778 )

* May 6 – Ferdinand III, Grand Duke of Tuscany ( d. 1824 )

* April 14 – Seven Years War – Battle of Bergen: A French army defeats Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick.

* Infante Ferdinand ( 1433 – 1470 ), 2nd Duke of Viseu and 1st Duke of Beja, king Manuel's father

* Ferdinand I ( 1403 – 1478 ), 2nd Duke of Braganza, son of Afonso I, 1st Duke of Braganza

* Ferdinand II ( 1430 – 1483 ), 3rd Duke of Braganza, son of Ferdinand I

* Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick ( 1721 – 1792 )

However, Andrew used the money to recruit followers among the barons and also sought the assistance of Leopold VI, Duke of Austria.

The Dowager Queen Constance was anxious for her son's life and she escaped with King Ladislaus to the court of Leopold VI, Duke of Austria.

On 6 June 1224 Andrew made a peace with Duke Leopold VI of Austria.

* 1290 – Leopold I, Duke of Austria ( d. 1326 )

* 1853 – Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany, ( d. 1884 )

Archduke Charles of Austria, Duke of Teschen (, also known as Karl von Österreich-Teschen ) ( Full name: Karl Ludwig Johann Josef Lorenz of Austria ) ( 5 September 1771 – 30 April 1847 ) was an Austrian field-marshal, the third son of emperor Leopold II and his wife Infanta Maria Luisa of Spain.

In Florence on 8 September 1787 ( by proxy ) and again in Dresden on 18 October 1787 ( in person ), Anton married a second time with the Archduchess Maria Theresia of Austria ( Maria Theresia Josephe Charlotte Johanna ), daughter of the Grand Duke Leopold I of Tuscany, later Emperor Leopold II.

Realising the danger, the Duke of Marlborough resolved to alleviate the peril to Vienna by marching his forces south from Bedburg and help maintain Emperor Leopold within the Grand Alliance.

His grandfather, Thomas Francis, founder of the Carignano line of the House of Savoy, was the son of Catherine Michelle – a daughter of Philip II of Spain – and the great-grandson of the Emperor Charles V. But of more immediate consequence to Leopold I was the fact that Eugene was the second cousin of Victor Amadeus, the Duke of Savoy, a connection that the Emperor hoped might prove useful in any future confrontation with France.

Leopold was, from 1765 to 1790, the Grand duke | Grand Duke of Tuscany

* 1870 – Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany ( b. 1797 )

The most influential of Severn's early Italian genre paintings are The Vintage, commissioned by the Duke of Bedford in 1825, and The Fountain ( Royal Palace, Brussels ) commissioned by Leopold I of Belgium in 1826.

In late 1217 Andrew II of Hungary and Leopold VI, Duke of Austria arrived in Acre and, along with John of Brienne, raided territory further inland, including Mount Tabor, but without success.

* 1351 – Duke Leopold III of Austria ( d. 1386 )

Otto Eduard Leopold, Prince of Bismarck, Duke of Lauenburg ( 1 April 1815 – 30 July 1898 ), simply known as Otto von Bismarck, was a conservative German statesman who dominated European affairs from the 1860s to his dismissal in 1890.

Guy's claim was challenged by Conrad of Montferrat, second husband of Sibylla's half-sister, Isabella: Conrad, whose defence of Tyre had saved the kingdom in 1187, was supported by Philip of France, son of his first cousin Louis VII of France, and by another cousin, Duke Leopold V of Austria.

On his way to the territory of his brother-in-law Henry of Saxony, Richard was captured shortly before Christmas 1192 near Vienna by Leopold V, Duke of Austria who accused Richard of arranging the murder of his cousin Conrad of Montferrat.

Duke Leopold kept him prisoner at Dürnstein Castle under the care of Leopold's ministerialis Hadmar of Kuenring.

The detention of a crusader was contrary to public law, and on these grounds Pope Celestine III excommunicated Duke Leopold.

In response Pope Celestine III excommunicated Henry VI, as he had Duke Leopold, for the continued wrongful imprisonment of Richard.

The affair had a lasting influence on Austria, since part of the money from King Richard's ransom was used by Duke Leopold V to finance the founding in 1194 of the new city of Wiener Neustadt, which had a significant role in various periods of subsequent Austrian history up to the present.

* 1676 – Élisabeth Charlotte d ' Orléans, French wife of Leopold, Duke of Lorraine ( d. 1741 )