During World War I, Pacelli maintained the Vatican's registry of prisoners of war and worked to implement papal relief initiatives.

During the reign of Pope Innocent X ( 1644 – 55 ), who was hostile to the Barberini and their adherents, Rospigliosi continued his appointment as papal nuncio to the court of Spain.

During the pontificate of Pope Constantine Gregory was made a papal secretary, and accompanied him to Constantinople in 711 to deal with the issues raised by Rome ’ s rejection of the canons of the Quinisext Council.

During what is known as the Little Ice Age, Innocent VIII, in his papal bull Summis desiderantes ( 5 December 1484 ) instigated severe measures against magicians and witches in Germany.

During the reign of the sickly Gregory XIV, who suffered from bouts of malaria, the burden of the papal administration rested on his shoulders.

During his third visit to Rome in 737 – 38, he was made papal legate for Germany.

During his brief pontificate, Leo granted the canons of Bologna a special papal bull ( epistola tuitionis ) where he exempted them from the payment of taxes.

During his pontificate, he convened the First Vatican Council in 1869, which decreed papal infallibility.

During the Acacian schism, Gelasius affirmed the primacy of Rome over the entire Church, East and West, and he presented this doctrine in terms that set the model for subsequent popes asserting the claims of papal supremacy, due to the succession of the Roman Popes from the Apostle Peter.

During this Avignon Papacy, local despots took advantage of the absence of the popes, to establish themselves in nominally papal cities: the Pepoli in Bologna, the Ordelaffi in Forlì, the Manfredi in Faenza, the Malatesta in Rimini all gave nominal acknowledgement to their papal overlords and were declared vicars of the Church.

Antichristus ( 1521 ) by Lucas Cranach the Elder is a woodcut of the Papal States at war during the Renaissance. During this period the city of Avignon itself was added to the Papal States ; it remained a papal possession even after the popes returned to Rome, being seized and incorporated into the by then unitary French state only during the French Revolution.

During the Renaissance, the papal territory expanded greatly, notably under Popes Alexander VI and Julius II.

During the Middle Ages, some councils were legatine, called by a papal legate rather than the pope or bishop.

During this period a team of painters that included Pietro Perugino, Sandro Botticelli and Domenico Ghirlandaio created a series of frescoed panels depicting the life of Moses and the life of Christ, offset by papal portraits above and trompe l ’ oeil drapery below.

During the 10th and the 11th centuries, the city strengthened its link with the papal court: In fact, the popes began to consider the old capital city of the Hernici a safer and healthier spot compared to Rome, which was the place of frequent epidemic diseases.

During his concluding years the archbishop appears to have upheld the papal authority in England, although not to the injury of the English Church.

During the 13th century two events happened which destroyed this form of legal education: first, a decree by Henry III of England on 2 December 1234 that no institutes of legal education could exist in the City of London, and secondly a papal bull that prohibited the clergy from teaching the common law, rather than canon law.

During the 13th century two events happened which destroyed this form of legal education ; first, a papal bull of 1207 that prohibited the clergy from teaching the common law, rather than canon law, and secondly, a decree by Henry III of England on 2 December 1234 that no institutes of legal education could exist in the City of London.

During the 13th century, two events happened that destroyed this form of legal education ; firstly, a decree by Henry III of England on 2 December 1234 that no institutes of legal education could exist in the City of London, and secondly a papal bull that prohibited the clergy from teaching the common law, rather than canon law.

During the absence of the papal court in Avignon, it was prey to the struggles between Guelphs and Ghibellines, until in 1354 Cardinal Albornoz brought it once more under the authority of the Papal States.

During the following summer King Amalric II of Jerusalem intervened ; accompanied by the papal legate, cardinal Sofred of Saint-Praxedis, the masters of the Hospital and the Temple, and the high barons of the kingdom, he induced Leo to grant a short truce.

During the 10th century, their territory was conquered by another West Slavic tribe, the Polans settling in the adjacent Greater Polish land around Poznań and Gniezno and upon the death of Duke Mieszko I of Poland in 992, the Kujawy lands were part of his Civitas Schinesghe as circumscribed in the Dagome iudex papal regesta.

During the long strife over the temporalities of the Gallican Church between Louis XIV and Innocent XI, Père de la Chaise supported the royal prerogative, though he used his influence at Rome to conciliate the papal authorities.

During this brief period he shocked, outraged, and amused audiences with his scandalous black comedies.

During the 19th century, American musicians playing for working-class audiences in small pubs and bars, particularly African-American composers, developed new musical genres based on the modern piano.

During and immediately after World War II, with shortages of fuel and limitations on audiences and available personnel, large jazz bands were less economical and tended to be replaced by smaller combos, using guitars, bass and drums.

During the 1990s, it was common for whistles to be employed by the audiences at raves, allowing a level of interaction between the partygoer and the DJ.

During the 1950s Asimov wrote a series of science fiction novels expressly intended for young-adult audiences.

During World War II, Chevalier kept performing for audiences.

During the early 1960s, he became well known to television audiences for his role alongside Hugh Lloyd in Hugh and I. Scott later appeared with Lloyd as gnomes in the 1969 sitcom The Gnomes of Dulwich.

During the Second World War shows were frequently interrupted by air-raid sirens and Phillips recalls in his autobiography that " audiences would evaporate and head for cellars or Underground stations ".

During the 1980s, SIFF audiences developed a reputation for appreciating films that did not fit standard industry niches, such as Richard Rush's multi-layered The Stunt Man ( 1980 ).

During that time, audiences began to consider him a celebrity and a romanticized warrior.

During the 1960s he introduced several artists to American audiences, most notably South African singer Miriam Makeba and Greek singer Nana Mouskouri.

During this time more Romantic music was played, including works by Elgar, and this was not always popular with the audiences.

During an interview, Pokémon Company president Tsunekazu Ishihara stated that Mewtwo was expected to be popular with North American audiences, citing their preference for strong, powerful characters.

During the Civil War, Barnum's museum drew large audiences seeking diversion from the conflict.

During the years of his peak popularity, from roughly 1832 to 1844, Rice often encountered sold-out houses, with audiences demanding numerous encores.

During the ' 70s most of these styles were evolving in the underground music scene, while mainstream audiences began the decade with a wave of singer-songwriters who drew on the deeply emotional and personal lyrics of 1960s folk rock.

During this time, Anderson came under considerable pressure from the NAACP not to perform for segregated audiences.

During its run, Riders of the Range attracted audiences of around 10 million.

During the reshoot for season seven, director Stuart Burge initially thought about shooting the entire episode against a blank tapestry background, with no set whatsoever, but it was felt that audiences may not respond well to this, and the idea was scrapped.

During the performances he told audiences that he planned a 2010 comedy tour.

During the closing credits, LeRoy added a light-hearted sequence of Nancy Kelly, Christine, holding Patty McCormack, Rhoda, over her leg and spanking her — possibly to remind audiences that this is just a play.

During his period of opposition in the 1980s, Manley, a compelling speaker, travelled extensively, speaking to audiences around the world.

During the first two seasons, television audiences were satisfied with the direction the show was taking.

During the following decade he visited various European cities, impressing with his virtuosity not only audiences but also famous musicians such as Hector Berlioz and Paganini himself, whom he encountered at his London debut in 1834.