Economists have attempted to model the circumstances under which slavery ( and variants such as serfdom ) appear and disappear.

Economists have urged the use of " market-based " instruments such as emissions trading to address environmental problems instead of prescriptive " command and control " regulation.

* Economists and political scientists often associate the term with approaches using rational choice assumptions, especially game theory and social choice theory, in explaining phenomena beyond economics ' standard remit, such as corruption, government failure and complex decision-making in which context the term " positive political economy " is common.

Economists such as Milton Friedman and Dr. Ravi Batra have theorized ways that a modern economy could have low inflation and near full employment ( as in close to 100 % of those who are not students and are healthy enough to work, and who wish to work at any given point in time ), as of yet these have yet to be widely disseminated through the press or introduced by most governments.

Economists such as Milton Friedman from the Chicago school and others from the Public Choice school, argue that market failure does not necessarily imply that government should attempt to solve market failures, because the costs of government failure might be worse than those of the market failure it attempts to fix.

Economists aligned with his government have argued that this was due to external factors outside the control of the administration at the time, such as the devaluation of the Brazilian real and the growth of the share of the debt denominated in US dollars.

Economists such as Milton Friedman and Edmund Phelps reject this theory because it implies that workers suffer from money illusion.

Economists such as Tim Harford in the Undercover Economist have argued that this is a form of price discrimination: by providing a choice between a regular and premium product, consumers are being asked to reveal their degree of price sensitivity ( or willingness to pay ) for comparable products.

Economists such as Paul Krugman and Jeffrey Sachs have also analyzed many traits related to economic geography.

Jomo ( 2005 ), Pioneers of Development Economics: Great Economists on Development, Zed Books-the contributions of economists such as Marshall and Keynes, not normally considered development economists

Economists such as Paul Krugman, Peter Orszag, and Emmanuel Saez have argued that tax policy in the post World War II era has indeed increased income inequality by enabling the wealthiest American workers far greater access to capital than lower-income Americans.

In the early 1900s, the campus of what was then known as Iowa State College was host to multiple events in the spring, as each college celebrated its history and recruited prospective students by holding an individual celebration — such as the Ag Carnival, the Home Economists ' " HEC Day ," and the Engineers ' St. Patrick's Day Parade.

The university has many lecture series, such as the high-profile Trinity Distinguished Lecture Series, Stieren Arts Enrichment Series, Nobel Economists Lecture Series, and Flora Cameron Lecture on Politics and Public Affairs.

Economists attributed the rise of Malaysia's ranking to the efforts of the Malaysian government to improve the country's business environment such as the New Economic Model, the Government Transformation Programme and the Economic Transformation Programme

Economists such as Paul Craig Roberts claim that those economists who promote offshoring misunderstand the difference between comparative advantage and absolute advantage.

Economists and historians recognise that common land tends to be overfarmed and overused, and in a similar vein the absence of property rights in the waters around the UK has led to overfishing such that the price of fish and seafood has rocketed.

The European Council of Construction Economists is planning to develop such open source databases for other European countries as well.

Economists such as Paul Krugman refer to the similarly named ( and sometimes confused with ) Great Compression as a period during which economic equality rose due to the progressive tax policies instituted during the years of WWII and the policies of the Roosevelt Administration.

The future administrators for the future modern nation state system with many functions ; such as Bureaucrats, Civil Servants, Think tanks, Public policy makers, Economists all from the university system.

Klein ( 1983 ) asserts that “ Economists now recognise that such a sharp distinction does not exist and that it is useful to consider also transactions occurring within the firm as representing market ( contractual ) relationships .” The costs involved in such transactions that are within a firm or even between the firms are the transaction costs.

Economists have discovered various factors which affect the occurrence of deviations from covered interest rate parity and the fleeting nature of covered interest arbitrage opportunities, such as differing characteristics of assets, varying frequencies of time series data, and the transaction costs associated with arbitrage trading strategies.

Economists have suggested an array of other factors to account for observed deviations from interest rate parity, such as differing tax treatment, differing risks, government foreign exchange controls, supply or demand inelasticity, transaction costs, and time differentials between observing and executing arbitrage opportunities.

Economists ’ findings about the benefits of trade have often been rejected by government policy-makers, who have frequently sought to protect domestic industries against foreign competition by erecting barriers, such as tariffs and quotas, against imports.

Economists often suggest that import licenses be auctioned to the highest bidder, or that import quotas be replaced by an equivalent tariff.

Economists at the Cato Institute suggest that Wal-Mart is a success because it sells products that people want to buy at low prices, satisfying customer's wants and needs.

Economists Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis famously argued in 1976 that there was a fundamental conflict in American schooling between the egalitarian goal of democratic participation and the inequalities implied by the continued profitability of capitalist production on the other.

Economists cite the efficient-market hypothesis ( EMH ) as the fundamental premise that justifies the creation of the index funds.

Economists, political economists and historians have taken different perspectives on the analysis of capitalism.

In 2008, former editor of Newsweek Jon Meacham, a self described " fan ", criticised The Economists focus on analysis over original reporting.

Economists, using statistical analysis, have shown very strong evidence of bout fixing in Sumo wrestling.

Economists ’ principles are not acceptable to all ; nor is insistence upon consistency between the treatment of owner-occupied dwellings and other durables.

Economists generally agree that a country is insolvent, if its foreign debt surpasses 50 percent of its GDP.

Economists see both a rapid increase in the money supply and an increase in the velocity of money if the ( monetary ) inflating is not stopped.

Economists have also shown that IP can be a disincentive to innovation when that innovation is drastic.

Economists usually teach that to some degree recession is unavoidable, and its causes are not well understood.

Economists view firm specific human capital as risky, since firm closure or industry decline lead to skills that cannot be transferred ( the evidence on the quantitative importance of firm specific capital is unresolved ).

Economists and political economists often disagree on what is preeminent in developing production, market, and political structure theories.

Economists generally believe that deflation is a problem in a modern economy because they believe it may lead to a deflationary spiral.

He is a trustee of Economists for Peace and Security.

Economists say that a consumer is ' prudent ' if he or she saves more when faced with riskier future income.

The Economists primary focus is world news, politics and business, but it also runs regular sections on science and technology as well as books and the arts.

Economists argue that one of the factors behind the differing economic development in Africa and Asia is that in Africa, corruption has primarily taken the form of rent extraction with the resulting financial capital moved overseas rather than invested at home ( hence the stereotypical, but often accurate, image of African dictators having Swiss bank accounts ).

Economists counter that deflation is hard to control once it sets in and its effects are much more damaging than modest, consistent inflation.

He is a trustee of the Economists for Peace and Security.

Economists would label this behavior " irrational ": it is inefficient because it misallocates resources by depending on information that is irrelevant to the decision being made.

Economists use the term " double taxation " in reference to the tax on dividends due to the fact that dividend income is paid out of corporate profits and represent a portion of the profit stream owned by shareholders.

Later becoming editor-in-chief of The Economist, which had been founded by his father-in-law, James Wilson, in 1860, Bagehot expanded The Economists reporting on the United States and on politics and is considered to have increased its influence among policymakers over the seventeen years he served as editor.

Economists distinguish moral hazard from adverse selection, another problem that arises in the insurance industry, which is caused by hidden information rather than hidden actions.

He is a trustee of the Economists for Peace and Security, and co-director of the Social Interactions, Identity and Well-Being program at the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research ( CIFAR ).

He is also a recipient of the Albert Schweitzer Prize for Humanitarianism and a trustee of Economists for Peace and Security.

Economists typically use the term consumption in a way that is far broader than merely purchasing something.