Economists, political economists and historians have taken different perspectives on the analysis of capitalism.

Economists usually emphasize the degree to which government does not have control over markets ( laissez faire ), as well as the importance of property rights.

Economists have theorized that e-commerce ought to lead to intensified price competition, as it increases consumers ' ability to gather information about products and prices.

Economists have also shown that IP can be a disincentive to innovation when that innovation is drastic.

Economists have done empirical studies on numerous aspects of the minimum wage, prominently including:

Economists and other political commentators have proposed alternatives to the minimum wage.

Economists have attempted to model the circumstances under which slavery ( and variants such as serfdom ) appear and disappear.

Economists have further criticized comparative negligence, since under the Learned Hand Rule it will not yield optimal precaution levels.

Economists have considered poll taxes economically efficient because people are presumed to be in fixed supply.

Economists have urged the use of " market-based " instruments such as emissions trading to address environmental problems instead of prescriptive " command and control " regulation.

Economists have elaborated the economics of gift-giving into the notion of a gift economy.

Economists have, in fact, often been frustrated by public opposition to economic reasoning.

As Sam Peltzman puts it " Economists know what steps would improve the efficiency of HSE safety, and environmental regulation, and they have not been bashful advocates of them.

Economists such as Milton Friedman and Dr. Ravi Batra have theorized ways that a modern economy could have low inflation and near full employment ( as in close to 100 % of those who are not students and are healthy enough to work, and who wish to work at any given point in time ), as of yet these have yet to be widely disseminated through the press or introduced by most governments.

Economists aligned with his government have argued that this was due to external factors outside the control of the administration at the time, such as the devaluation of the Brazilian real and the growth of the share of the debt denominated in US dollars.

Economists have suggested that those who support protectionism ostensibly to further the interests of workers in least developed countries are in fact being disingenuous, seeking only to protect jobs in developed countries.

Economists who have examined the impact of new trade-restrictive measures using detailed bilaterally monthly trade statistics estimated that new measures taken through late 2009 were distorting global merchandise trade by 0. 25 % to 0. 5 % ( about $ 50 billion a year ).

Economists such as Tim Harford in the Undercover Economist have argued that this is a form of price discrimination: by providing a choice between a regular and premium product, consumers are being asked to reveal their degree of price sensitivity ( or willingness to pay ) for comparable products.

Later becoming editor-in-chief of The Economist, which had been founded by his father-in-law, James Wilson, in 1860, Bagehot expanded The Economists reporting on the United States and on politics and is considered to have increased its influence among policymakers over the seventeen years he served as editor.

Economists such as Paul Krugman and Jeffrey Sachs have also analyzed many traits related to economic geography.

Economists Dani Rodrik and Jeffrey Sachs have separately noted that there appears to be little correlation between measured economic freedom and economic growth when the least free countries are disregarded, as indicated by the strong growth of the Chinese economy in recent years.

Economists Stephen Moore and Richard Vedder have written in the Wall Street Journal that every new dollar of new taxes leads to more than one dollar of new spending according to their research.

Economists, such as Jagdish Bhagwati, have criticized Gandhi's ideas of swadeshi.

Economists are now actively estimating quantitative models of this type, and using them to analyze optimal monetary and fiscal policy.

Economists debate the effectiveness of fiscal stimulus.

Economists such as Paul Krugman, Peter Orszag, and Emmanuel Saez have argued that tax policy in the post World War II era has indeed increased income inequality by enabling the wealthiest American workers far greater access to capital than lower-income Americans.

Economists Hufbauer and Schott ( 2005 ) from the Institute for International Economics have commented on the macroeconomic policy mistakes that precipitated the crisis:

Economists have long recognised the fact that the GDP is misleading as an indicator or even as a proxy of the welfare of a nation, let alone as a measure of people ’ s well-being, although the makers of economic policy commonly think to the contrary.

The future administrators for the future modern nation state system with many functions ; such as Bureaucrats, Civil Servants, Think tanks, Public policy makers, Economists all from the university system.

At the August 2008 conference of the American Association of Wine Economists in Portland, Oregon, a hoax exposé submission of the fictitious restaurant Osteria L ’ Intrepido was revealed by the author and Fearless Critic founder Robin Goldstein: he had won an Award of Excellence for a restaurant that didn't exist and whose " reserve wine list " was full of the lowest-rated Italian wines in history.

* Economists use the term " global labor arbitrage " to refer to the tendency of manufacturing jobs to flow towards whichever country has the lowest wages per unit output at present and has reached the minimum requisite level of political and economic development to support industrialization.

Economists classify government expenditures into three main types.

Economists argue that one of the factors behind the differing economic development in Africa and Asia is that in Africa, corruption has primarily taken the form of rent extraction with the resulting financial capital moved overseas rather than invested at home ( hence the stereotypical, but often accurate, image of African dictators having Swiss bank accounts ).

Economists explain moral hazard as a special case of information asymmetry, a situation in which one party in a transaction has more information than another.

Economists noted this transaction cost, and it has become part of economic theory, under the term " menu costs.

The university has many lecture series, such as the high-profile Trinity Distinguished Lecture Series, Stieren Arts Enrichment Series, Nobel Economists Lecture Series, and Flora Cameron Lecture on Politics and Public Affairs.

Economists Pedro Amaral and James MacGee find that the Canadian recovery has important differences with the United States.

Economists and historians recognise that common land tends to be overfarmed and overused, and in a similar vein the absence of property rights in the waters around the UK has led to overfishing such that the price of fish and seafood has rocketed.

has an interdisciplinary core curriculum taught by Anthropologists, Political Scientists, Economists and Historians.

Economists estimate that the University has created at least 3, 000 new jobs within Lincoln and that it generates more than £ 250 million every year for the local economy-doubling previous local economic growth rates.

Economists are still divided about the causes and cures of a jobless recovery: some argue that increased productivity through automation has allowed economic growth without reducing unemployment.

Dasgupta has been honoured by elections as: Fellow of the Econometric Society ( 1975 ); Fellow of the British Academy ( 1989 ); Fellow of the Royal Society ( 2004 ); Member of the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences ( 1997 ); Fellow of the Academy of Science for the Developing World ( formally the Third World Academy of Science ), TWAS, 2001 ; Member of Academia Europaea ( 2009 ); Foreign Member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences ( 1991 ); Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences ( 1991 ); Foreign Associate of the US National Academy of Sciences ( 2001 ); Foreign Member of the American Philosophical Society ( 2005 ); Foreign Member of Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere Arti ( 2009 ); Honorary Fellow of the London School of Economics ( 1995 ); Honorary Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge ( 2010 ); Honorary Member of the American Economic Association ( 1997 ); Distinguished Fellow, CES, University of Munich, 2011 ; and President of the Royal Economic Society ( 1998 – 2001 ), the European Economic Association ( 1999 ), Section F ( Economics ) of the BA ( British Association for the Advancement of Science ) Festival of Science ( 2006 ), and the European Association of Environmental and Resource Economists ( 2010-2011 ).

" Economists and organizations that he has accused of vulgar libertarianism include Ludwig von Mises, Milton Friedman, Madsen Pirie, Radley Balko and the Adam Smith Institute.