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Economists and such
* Economists such as Burton Malkiel suggest that neither fundamental analysis nor technical analysis is useful in outperforming the markets
Economists have attempted to model the circumstances under which slavery ( and variants such as serfdom ) appear and disappear.
Economists have urged the use of " market-based " instruments such as emissions trading to address environmental problems instead of prescriptive " command and control " regulation.
* Economists and political scientists often associate the term with approaches using rational choice assumptions, especially game theory and social choice theory, in explaining phenomena beyond economics ' standard remit, such as corruption, government failure and complex decision-making in which context the term " positive political economy " is common.
Economists such as Milton Friedman from the Chicago school and others from the Public Choice school, argue that market failure does not necessarily imply that government should attempt to solve market failures, because the costs of government failure might be worse than those of the market failure it attempts to fix.
Economists aligned with his government have argued that this was due to external factors outside the control of the administration at the time, such as the devaluation of the Brazilian real and the growth of the share of the debt denominated in US dollars.
Economists such as Milton Friedman and Edmund Phelps reject this theory because it implies that workers suffer from money illusion.
Economists such as Tim Harford in the Undercover Economist have argued that this is a form of price discrimination: by providing a choice between a regular and premium product, consumers are being asked to reveal their degree of price sensitivity ( or willingness to pay ) for comparable products.
Economists such as Paul Krugman and Jeffrey Sachs have also analyzed many traits related to economic geography.
Jomo ( 2005 ), Pioneers of Development Economics: Great Economists on Development, Zed Books-the contributions of economists such as Marshall and Keynes, not normally considered development economists
Economists such as Paul Krugman, Peter Orszag, and Emmanuel Saez have argued that tax policy in the post World War II era has indeed increased income inequality by enabling the wealthiest American workers far greater access to capital than lower-income Americans.
In the early 1900s, the campus of what was then known as Iowa State College was host to multiple events in the spring, as each college celebrated its history and recruited prospective students by holding an individual celebration — such as the Ag Carnival, the Home Economists ' " HEC Day ," and the Engineers ' St. Patrick's Day Parade.
The university has many lecture series, such as the high-profile Trinity Distinguished Lecture Series, Stieren Arts Enrichment Series, Nobel Economists Lecture Series, and Flora Cameron Lecture on Politics and Public Affairs.
Economists attributed the rise of Malaysia's ranking to the efforts of the Malaysian government to improve the country's business environment such as the New Economic Model, the Government Transformation Programme and the Economic Transformation Programme
Economists such as Paul Craig Roberts claim that those economists who promote offshoring misunderstand the difference between comparative advantage and absolute advantage.
Economists and historians recognise that common land tends to be overfarmed and overused, and in a similar vein the absence of property rights in the waters around the UK has led to overfishing such that the price of fish and seafood has rocketed.
The European Council of Construction Economists is planning to develop such open source databases for other European countries as well.
Economists such as Paul Krugman refer to the similarly named ( and sometimes confused with ) Great Compression as a period during which economic equality rose due to the progressive tax policies instituted during the years of WWII and the policies of the Roosevelt Administration.
The future administrators for the future modern nation state system with many functions ; such as Bureaucrats, Civil Servants, Think tanks, Public policy makers, Economists all from the university system.
Klein ( 1983 ) asserts thatEconomists now recognise that such a sharp distinction does not exist and that it is useful to consider also transactions occurring within the firm as representing market ( contractual ) relationships .” The costs involved in such transactions that are within a firm or even between the firms are the transaction costs.
Economists have discovered various factors which affect the occurrence of deviations from covered interest rate parity and the fleeting nature of covered interest arbitrage opportunities, such as differing characteristics of assets, varying frequencies of time series data, and the transaction costs associated with arbitrage trading strategies.
Economists have suggested an array of other factors to account for observed deviations from interest rate parity, such as differing tax treatment, differing risks, government foreign exchange controls, supply or demand inelasticity, transaction costs, and time differentials between observing and executing arbitrage opportunities.
Economists ’ findings about the benefits of trade have often been rejected by government policy-makers, who have frequently sought to protect domestic industries against foreign competition by erecting barriers, such as tariffs and quotas, against imports.

Economists and Milton
Economists who advocated these policies do not necessarily share principles, such as Nobel prize-winning economists Milton Friedman ( Monetarism school ), George Stigler ( Chicago School of Economics / Neo-Classical Economics ), Richard Posner ( Chicago School / Pragmatism ), and Friedrich Hayek ( Austrian School of Economics ), have sought substantially to limit economic regulation.
" Economists and organizations that he has accused of vulgar libertarianism include Ludwig von Mises, Milton Friedman, Madsen Pirie, Radley Balko and the Adam Smith Institute.
Economists such as Milton Friedman, Friedrich Hayek and Brink Lindsey argue that if the market is eliminated along with property, prices, and wages, then the mode of information transmission is eliminated and what will result is a highly inefficient system for transmitting the value, supply, demand, of goods, services, resources, along with an elimination of the most efficient mode of market transactions.
Economists Milton Friedman, Gordon Tullock, Bryan Caplan, and Paul Krugman Furthermore, Roger Garrison argues that a false boom caused by artificially low interest rates would cause a boom in consumption goods as well as investment goods ( with a decrease in " middle goods "), thus explaining the jump in unemployment at the end of a boom.

Economists and .
Economists generally agree that a country is insolvent, if its foreign debt surpasses 50 percent of its GDP.
Economists and activists consider epidemic diseases ( AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis ) as crucial factors in and consequences of extreme poverty.
* Economists use the term " global labor arbitrage " to refer to the tendency of manufacturing jobs to flow towards whichever country has the lowest wages per unit output at present and has reached the minimum requisite level of political and economic development to support industrialization.
Economists, political economists and historians have taken different perspectives on the analysis of capitalism.
Economists usually emphasize the degree to which government does not have control over markets ( laissez faire ), as well as the importance of property rights.
Economists Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis famously argued in 1976 that there was a fundamental conflict in American schooling between the egalitarian goal of democratic participation and the inequalities implied by the continued profitability of capitalist production on the other.
Economists have theorized that e-commerce ought to lead to intensified price competition, as it increases consumers ' ability to gather information about products and prices.
Economists also fail to use economic reasoning for model selection, especially for deciding which variables to include in a regression.
Economists from the Austrian School argue that aggregate economic models are not well suited to describe economic reality because they waste a large part of specific knowledge.
Economists make a number of abstract assumptions for purposes of their analyses and predictions.
Economists who studied with Hayek at the LSE in the 1930s and the 1940s include Arthur Lewis, Ronald Coase, John Kenneth Galbraith, Abba Lerner, Nicholas Kaldor, George Shackle, Thomas Balogh, Vera Smith, L. K. Jha, Arthur Seldon, Paul Rosenstein-Rodan, and Oskar Lange.
Economists including Richard Timberlake, George Selgin, Lawrence White, and Steven Horwitz are part of this school of thought.
Economists see both a rapid increase in the money supply and an increase in the velocity of money if the ( monetary ) inflating is not stopped.
Economists estimate that two-thirds of the value of large businesses in the U. S. can be traced to intangible assets.
Economists have also shown that IP can be a disincentive to innovation when that innovation is drastic.
Economists generally agree that certain amounts of inequality are necessary and desirable but that excessive inequality leads to efficiency problems and social injustice.
Economists measure labour in terms of hours worked, total wages, or efficiency.
Economists interested in long-run increases in output study economic growth.
Economists look for macroeconomic policies that prevent economies from slipping into recessions and that lead to faster long-term growth.
Economists graph this relationship with the wage on the vertical axis and the quantity ( hours ) of labor supplied on the horizontal axis.
Economists and other political commentators have proposed alternatives to the minimum wage.

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