These " era names " are not true " era names " in the sense that the era name system, as instituted by Emperor Jing's son Emperor Wu, had not come into place.

Wu and Chu forces were fiercely attacking the Principality of Liang ( modern eastern Henan ), whose prince Liu Wu was Emperor Jing's beloved younger brother, and Emperor Jing ordered Zhou to immediately head to Liang to save it.

This made Liu Rong's mother, Consort Li ( 栗姬 ), who was one of Emperor Jing's favorite concubines, extremely arrogant.

She hated Emperor Jing's sister Princess Liu Piao, because Princess Piao had often given her brother beautiful women as concubines, drawing Consort Li's jealousy.

She gave Chen Jiao as wife to Liu Che, the son of Emperor Jing's other favorite concubine, Wang Zhi, the Prince of Jiaodong.

Emperor Jing's key advisor Chao Cuo suggested, using as excuses offences that the princes had committed which had generally been ignored by Emperor Wen, that he cut down the sizes of the principalities to make them less threatening.

Wu and Chu forces therefore concentrated against Liang, against Emperor Jing's younger brother Liu Wu ( 劉武 ), the Prince of Liang, whose forces initially suffered devastating defeats, forcing Liu Wu to withdraw to his capital of Suiyang ( 睢陽, in modern Shangqiu, Henan ), which the Wu and Chu forces then proceeded to besiege.

Many historians consider the end of Emperor Jing's reign in 556, when he was forced to yield the throne to Chen Baxian, who established Chen Dynasty, to be Liang's end date.

Zhao Jing's son Zhao Hongyin ( 趙弘殷 ) ( 899 – 956 ) decided against a civil career and became a military officer instead under Emperor Zhuangzong of Later Tang ( 后唐莊宗 ): he knew that in times of disunity it would be a military career that would lead to success.

Emperor Jing's uncle Xiao Yan ( 蕭巖 ) the Prince of Anping and Xiao Huan ( 蕭瓛 ) the Prince of Yixing instead believed that Cui was intending to attack the city, and they took the populace of the city and surrendered to the Chen general Chen Huiji ( 陳慧紀 ), the cousin to Chen's emperor Chen Shubao.

A modern model portraying how Emperor Jing's tomb complex would have appeared upon completion

The Rule of Wen and Jing was marked for Taoist influences in political theory, due to the influence of Emperor Wen's wife and Emperor Jing's mother, Empress Dou.

Zhou's father, Zhou Bo ( 周勃 ), was one of the key generals for Liu Bang during the Chu Han Contention who would continue to play important roles in government and who was instrumental in the ascension to the throne by Emperor Jing's father Emperor Wen.

At that time, the Wu and Chu forces were fiercely attacking the Principality of Liang ( modern eastern Henan ), whose prince Liu Wu was Emperor Jing's beloved younger brother, and Emperor Jing ordered Zhou to immediately head to Liang to save it.

His cause was also taken up by his and Emperor Jing's mother, Empress Dowager Dou, who favored her young son greatly.

Soon, joining their side would be Emperor Jing's empress Wang Zhi and her brother Wang Xin, whom Empress Dowager Dou wanted to create a marquess ( for his assistance in having Prince Wu pardoned in 148 BC after he had several officials assassinated ) but whose candidacy was repeatedly rebuffed by Zhou.

( This would prove disastrous for Empress Bo, Emperor Jing's wife, as she, now without support, was soon deposed.

Whether Empress Dowager Dou favored Emperor Jing's policies of reducing principality sizes — which eventually led to the Rebellion of the Seven States in 154 BC — is unknown.

She was the second granddaughter of the Emperor Augustus, sister-in-law, stepdaughter and daughter-in-law of the Emperor Tiberius, mother of the Emperor Caligula, maternal second cousin and sister-in-law of the Emperor Claudius and the maternal grandmother of the Emperor Nero.

In 221, Alexander's grandmother, Maesa, persuaded the Emperor to adopt his cousin as successor and make him Caesar and Bassianus changed his name to Alexander.

* Eirene Angelina, who married ( 1 ) Andronikos Kontostephanos, and ( 2 ) Alexios Palaiologos, by whom she was the grandmother of Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos.

#* Antonia Major, married Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus ( consul 16 BC ); maternal grandmother of the Empress Valeria Messalina and paternal grandmother of the Emperor Nero.

#* Antonia Minor, married Nero Claudius Drusus, the younger son of the Empress Livia Drusilla and brother of the Emperor Tiberius ; mother of the Emperor Claudius, grandmother of the Emperor Caligula and Empress Agrippina the Younger, and maternal great-grandmother of the emperor Nero.

Born Marcus Julius Gessius Bassianus Alexianus, Alexander was adopted as heir apparent by his slightly older and very unpopular cousin, the Emperor Elagabalus at the urging of the influential and powerful Julia Maesa — who was grandmother of both cousins and who'd arranged for the emperor's acclamation by the Third Legion.

His longstanding relationship with freedwoman Antonia Caenis, confidential secretary to the Emperor's grandmother and part of the circle of courtiers and servants round the Emperor, may have contributed to his success.

On the other hand, the majority of the nobility of the Kingdom of Aragon supported Charles of Austria, son of Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I and claimant to the Spanish throne by right of his grandmother Maria Anna of Spain.

Historical facts are also sometimes changed: in Plutarch Antony's final defeat was many weeks after the battle of Actium, and Octavia lived with Antony for several years and bore him two children: Antonia Major, paternal grandmother of the Emperor Nero and maternal grandmother of the Empress Valeria Messalina, and Antonia Minor, the sister-in-law of the Emperor Tiberius, mother of the Emperor Claudius, and paternal grandmother of the Emperor Caligula and Empress Agrippina the Younger.

* Annia Galeria Faustina Minor or Faustina the Younger ( between 125 – 130 – 175 ), a future Roman Empress, married her maternal cousin, future Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius in 146.

Agrippina the Younger would become a future Roman Empress and mother to the later Emperor Nero.

Germanicus ’ father, Drusus the Elder, was the second son of the Empress Livia Drusilla by her first marriage to praetor Tiberius Nero, and was the Emperor Tiberius ’ s younger brother and Augustus ’ s stepson.

February 1215: Yolanda de Courtenay ( c. 1200 – 1233 ), daughter of Peter I, Emperor of the Latin Empire and his second wife, Yolanda I, Empress of the Latin Empire

In 1180 the Emperor Manuel died and was succeeded by his ten year old son Alexios II, who was under the guardianship of his mother, Empress Maria.

Soon afterwards he had the Empress Maria imprisoned and then killed ( forcing a signature from the child Emperor Alexius to put his mother to death ), by Pterygeonites and the hetaireiarches Constantine Tripsychos.

The central bridge was reserved exclusively for the use of the Emperor, Empress, and their attendants.

In September 1896, Victoria welcomed Emperor Nicholas II of Russia and Empress Alexandra to Balmoral.

The forces were divided among Emperor Menelik, Empress Taytu Betul, Ras Welle Betul, Ras Mengesha Atikem, Ras Mengesha Yohannes, Ras Alula Engida, Ras Mikael of Wollo, Ras Makonnen Wolde Mikael, Fitawrari Gebeyyehu, and Negus Tekle Haymanot Tessemma.

The Emperor summoned the separate armies of his nobles and with the Empress Taytu beside him, ordered his forces forward.

Emperor John II Komnenos | John II ( 1118 – 1143 ) is shown on the left, with the Mary, Mother of Jesus | Virgin Mary and infant Jesus in the centre, and John's consort Piroska of Hungary | Empress Irene on the right.

The dynasty continued to flourish under Empress Wu Zetian, the only empress regnant in Chinese history, and reached its zenith during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong, who oversaw an empire that stretched from the Pacific to the Aral Sea with at least 50 million people.

Guangxu Emperor and the reformists then launched a more comprehensive reform effort, the Hundred Day's Reform ( 1898 ), but it was shortly overturned by the conservatives under Empress Dowager Cixi in a military coup.

The oldest documented use of the word " tennō " is on a wooden slat, or mokkan, that was unearthed in Asuka-mura, Nara Prefecture in 1998 and dated back to the reign of Emperor Temmu and Empress Jitō.

Daughters of others than imperials remained concubines, until Emperor Shōmu — in what was specifically reported as the first elevation of its kind — elevated his Fujiwara consort Empress Kōmyō to chief wife.

One of the most famous Imperial coronation ceremonies was that of Napoleon, crowning himself Emperor in the presence of Pope Pius VII ( who had blessed the regalia ), at the Notre Dame de Paris | Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. The painting by Jacques-Louis David | David commemorating the event is equally famous: the gothic cathedral restyled Empire ( style ) | style Empire, supervised by the Letizia Ramolino | mother of the Emperor on the balcony ( a fictional addition, while she had not been present at the ceremony ), the pope positioned near the altar, Napoleon proceeds to crown his then wife, Joséphine de Beauharnais as Empress.

Empress Matilda ( 1102 – 1167 ) is the only British monarch commonly referred to as " emperor " or " empress ", but acquired her title through her marriage to Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor, and had little legitimacy as Queen of England.

The only period when British monarchs held the title of Emperor in a dynastic succession started when the title Empress of India was created for Queen Victoria.

The earliest attested use of this term is on a wooden slat, or mokkan, that was unearthed in Asuka-mura, Nara Prefecture in 1998 and dated back to the reign of Emperor Temmu and Empress Jitō.

Kimmei's contemporary title would not have been tennō, as most historians believe this title was not introduced until the reigns of Emperor Tenmu and Empress Jitō.

* Princess Ishi-Hime ( or Iwa-hime ), daughter of Emperor Senka by his Empress Tachibana no Nakatsu ; Empress 540 ; Grand Empress 572 ; 3 imperial children:

* Princess Kura Wayaka-Hime, daughter of Emperor Senka by his Empress Tachibana no Nakatsu ; second consort ; 1 imperial Prince: