* 1102 – Empress Matilda, Princess of England and wife of Henry V of the Holy Roman Empire ( d. 1169 )

His conflicts with his cousin The Empress Matilda ( also known as Empress Maud ), led to a civil war from 1139-1153 known as the Anarchy.

His will stipulated that he was to be succeeded by his daughter, the Empress Matilda, but his stern rule was followed by a period of civil war known as the Anarchy.

Eight years later, after William's death in 1120, a much more momentous union was made between Henry's daughter, ( the former Empress ) Matilda and Fulk's son Geoffrey Plantagenet, which eventually resulted in the union of the two realms under the Plantagenet Kings.

Left without male heirs, Henry took the unprecedented step of making his barons swear to accept his daughter Empress Matilda, widow of Henry V, the Holy Roman Emperor, as his heir.

Mary was — excluding the brief, disputed reigns of Jane Grey and Empress Matilda — England's first queen regnant.

" He states that the matter was discussed at a Royal Council at Winchester, but that Henry's mother, the Empress Matilda, had protested.

In accordance with this last policy, the marriage of the Countess Matilda of Tuscany with Guelph of Bavaria was promoted ; Prince Conrad of Italy was assisted in his rebellion against his father and crowned King of the Romans at Milan in 1093 ; and Henry IV's wife, the Empress ( Adelaide ), was encouraged in her charges of sexual coercion against her husband.

King Stephen had died in October 1154, bringing to an end the long dispute with the Empress Matilda which had helped Anarawd, Cadell and Maredudd to extend their rule in Deheubarth.

Stephen's reign was marked by the Anarchy, a civil war with his cousin and rival, the Empress Matilda.

When Henry I died in 1135, Stephen quickly crossed the English Channel and with the help of his brother Henry of Blois, a powerful ecclesiastic, took the throne, arguing that the preservation of order across the kingdom took priority over his earlier oaths to support the claim of Henry I's daughter, the Empress Matilda.

Matilda had been married to Henry V, the Holy Roman Emperor, which gave her the title of Empress, but her husband died in 1125 and she was remarried in 1128 to Geoffrey, the Count of Anjou, whose lands bordered the Duchy of Normandy.

There was the slight problem of the religious oath that Stephen had taken to support the Empress Matilda, but Henry convincingly argued that the late king had been wrong to insist that his court take the oath.

An illegitimate son of Henry I and the half-brother of the Empress Matilda, Robert was one of the most powerful Anglo-Norman barons, controlling estates in Normandy as well as the Earldom of Gloucester.

David of Scotland also invaded the north of England once again, announcing that he was supporting the claim of his niece the Empress Matilda to the throne, pushing south into Yorkshire.

The rebels appear to have expected Robert to intervene with support that year, but he remained in Normandy throughout, trying to persuade the Empress Matilda to invade England herself.

These bishops were powerful landowners as well as ecclesiastical rulers, and they had begun to build new castles and increase the size of their military forces, leading Stephen to suspect that they were about to defect to the Empress Matilda.

Stephen sent Aubrey de Vere as his spokesman to the council, who argued that Roger of Salisbury had been arrested not as a bishop, but rather in his role as a baron who had been preparing to change his support to the Empress Matilda.

Contemporary depiction of the Empress Matilda

Robert took Stephen back to Gloucester, where the king met with the Empress Matilda, and was then moved to Bristol Castle, traditionally used for holding high-status prisoners.

He had made a private deal with the Empress Matilda that he would deliver the support of the church, if she agreed to give him control over church business in England.

St George's Tower at Oxford Castle, where Stephen almost captured the Empress Matilda

Queen Matilda gathered Stephen's remaining lieutenants around her and the royal family in the south-east, advancing into London when the population rejected the Empress.

* September 10 – Empress Maud, wife of Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor ) ( b. 1102 )

Contemporaries of Melisende who did rule, however, included Urraca of Castile ( 1080 – 1129 ), Empress Matilda ( 1102 – 1169 ), and Eleanor of Aquitaine ( 1122 – 1204 ).

Empress Matilda ( c. 7 February 1102 – 10 September 1167 ), also known as Matilda of England or Maude, was the daughter and heir of King Henry I of England.

* Empress Matilda ( c. 1102 – 1167 ), Matilda of England, Holy Roman Empress, Queen of Germany, claimant to throne of England

* 1632 – Maria Leopoldine of Austria, Holy Roman Empire Empress ( d. 1649 )

* Annia Galeria Faustina Minor or Faustina the Younger ( between 125 – 130 – 175 ), a future Roman Empress, married her maternal cousin, future Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius in 146.

Julia Agrippina, most commonly referred to as Agrippina Minor or Agrippina the Younger, and after 50 known as Julia Augusta Agrippina ( Minor Latin for the ‘ younger ’, Classical Latin: ;, 7 November 15 or 6 November 16 – 19 / 23 March 59 ) was a Roman Empress and one of the more prominent women in the Julio-Claudian dynasty.

* 1056 – After a sudden illness a few days previously, Byzantine Empress Theodora dies childless, thus ending the Macedonian dynasty.

February 1215: Yolanda de Courtenay ( c. 1200 – 1233 ), daughter of Peter I, Emperor of the Latin Empire and his second wife, Yolanda I, Empress of the Latin Empire

* 1930 – After the mysterious death of Empress Zewditu, Haile Selassie is proclaimed emperor of Ethiopia.

Catherine the Great, Empress of Russia from 1762 – 1796, was a member of the House of Ascania, herself the daughter of Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst.

* 1673 – Wilhelmina Amalia of Brunswick, Holy Roman Empire Empress ( d. 1742 )

Empress Maria Theresa of Austria was supported by the Croatians in the War of Austrian Succession of 1741 – 1748 and subsequently made significant contributions to Croatian matters.

Emperor John II Komnenos | John II ( 1118 – 1143 ) is shown on the left, with the Mary, Mother of Jesus | Virgin Mary and infant Jesus in the centre, and John's consort Piroska of Hungary | Empress Irene on the right.

* 1696 – Empress Meishō, Japan ( b. 1624 )

* 1837 – Elisabeth of Bavaria, also known as Sissi, Empress of Austria ( d. 1898 )

* 1041 – The adopted son of Empress Zoe of Byzantium succeeds to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V.

* 1787 – Maria Ludovika of Austria-Este, Empress of Austria and queen of Hungary and Bohemia ( d. 1816 )

His Empress was Fujiwara no Otomuro ( 藤原乙牟漏 ) ( 760 – 790 ), daughter of Fujiwara no Yoshitsugu ( 藤原良継 )

* Princess Uno-no-sarara ( 鸕野讃良皇女 ) ( Empress Jitō ) ( 645 – 703 )

* Princess Abe ( Princess Ahe ) ( 阿閇皇女 ) ( Empress Gemmei ) ( 661 – 721 )

Empress: Tachibana no Kachiko ( 橘嘉智子 ) ( 786 – 850 ), also known as, daughter of Tachibana no Kiyotomo ( 橘清友 ).

Empress: Imperial Princess Shōshi / Masako ( 正子内親王 ) ( 810 – 879 ), daughter of Emperor Saga

Hi ( Empress as posthumous honors ): Imperial Princess Koshi ( 高志内親王 ) ( 789 – 809 ), daughter of Emperor Kammu

* 1875 – Guangxu Emperor of China began his reign, under Empress Dowager Cixi's regency.

* 1993 – Empress Schuck, Filipina actress