In Florence on 8 September 1787 ( by proxy ) and again in Dresden on 18 October 1787 ( in person ), Anton married a second time with the Archduchess Maria Theresia of Austria ( Maria Theresia Josephe Charlotte Johanna ), daughter of the Grand Duke Leopold I of Tuscany, later Emperor Leopold II.

Louis XIV of France sought to knock Emperor Leopold out of the war by seizing Vienna, the Habsburg capital, and gain a favourable peace settlement.

Realising the danger, the Duke of Marlborough resolved to alleviate the peril to Vienna by marching his forces south from Bedburg and help maintain Emperor Leopold within the Grand Alliance.

Moreover, Marlborough had to cope with the death of Emperor Leopold I in May and the accession of Joseph I, which unavoidably complicated matters for the Grand Alliance.

The melody of the Deutschlandlied was originally adapted by Joseph Haydn in 1797 to provide music to the poem " Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser " (" God save Franz the Emperor ") by Lorenz Leopold Haschka.

By May 1683 the Ottoman threat to Emperor Leopold I's capital, Vienna, was very real.

His grandfather, Thomas Francis, founder of the Carignano line of the House of Savoy, was the son of Catherine Michelle – a daughter of Philip II of Spain – and the great-grandson of the Emperor Charles V. But of more immediate consequence to Leopold I was the fact that Eugene was the second cousin of Victor Amadeus, the Duke of Savoy, a connection that the Emperor hoped might prove useful in any future confrontation with France.

With Leopold I's interests now focused on Spain and the imminent death of Charles II, the Emperor terminated the conflict with the Sultan, and signed the Treaty of Karlowitz on 26 January 1699.

Meanwhile, a new threat arose from abroad: Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II, Frederick William II of Prussia, and the King's brother Charles-Philippe, comte d ' Artois, issued the Declaration of Pillnitz, which considered the cause of Louis XVI as their own, demanded his absolute liberty and implied an invasion of France on his behalf if the revolutionary authorities refused its conditions.

Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor and his family.

Francis was a son of the future Emperor Leopold II ( 1747 – 1792 ) and his wife Maria Luisa of Spain ( 1745 – 1792 ), daughter of Charles III of Spain.

Francis's brother Alexander Leopold ( at that time Palatine of Hungary ) wrote to the Emperor admitting " Although we have caught a lot of the culprits, we have not really got to the bottom of this business yet.

The Bourbon Philip of Anjou was designated heir to the throne of Spain as Philip V. The Habsburg Emperor Leopold opposed a Bourbon succession, because the power that such a succession would bring to the Bourbon rulers of France would disturb the delicate balance of power in Europe.

Philip of Anjou was confirmed as Philip V, king of Spain ; Emperor Leopold did not get the throne, but Philip V was barred from inheriting France.

On the foreign affairs front, in the Declaration of Pillnitz of August 1791, Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II, Count Charles of Artois, and King Frederick William II of Prussia made Louis XVI's cause their own.

* 1690 – Joseph, son of Emperor Leopold I, becomes King of the Romans.

* 1747 – Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor ( d. 1792 )

Some of the pressure was subtle: for an unprecedented impromptu visit to the conclave by Emperor Joseph II ( 1765 – 90 ) and his brother Leopold, Grand Duke of Tuscany, officially incognito, the seals were broken, the Austrians inspected the proceedings with great interest and brought with them a festive banquet.

Joseph Clement was not only the candidate of Emperor Leopold I ( 1658 – 1705 ) but of all European rulers, with the exception of the King of France and his supporter, King James II of England ( 1685 – 88 ).

This was interpreted as arrogance by both Richard and Philip, as Leopold was a vassal of the Holy Roman Emperor ( although he was the highest-ranking surviving leader of the imperial forces ).

Charles III of Spain, second son of Emperor Leopold I and claimant to the Spanish throne.

An alternative candidate was the Holy Roman Emperor, Leopold I, of the Austrian Habsburg dynasty.

* January 6 – Joseph, son of Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor, becomes King of the Romans.

At the beginning of the Hippodrome I saw the Kaiser's Fountain, an ugly octagonal building with a glass dome, built in 1895 by the German Emperor, and on my left, directly across from it, the tomb of Sultan Ahmet, who constructed the Blue Mosque, more properly known by his name.

* Emperor Charles I. of Austria ( 1916 – 1918 ) http :// www. youtube. com / watch? v = jMU9FFzez1A

* 1896 – In Athens, the opening of the first modern Olympic Games is celebrated, 1, 500 years after the original games are banned by Roman Emperor Theodosius I.

* 1813 – French Emperor Napoleon I defeats a larger force of Austrians, Russians, and Prussians at the Battle of Dresden.

Francis I of France recognizes Charles's claim to Naples, and Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, recognizes Francis's claim to Milan.

* 527 – Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne.

He was a very popular political figure, and since he was the Governor in the effective capital in the Roman West, he was a recognizable figure in the court of the Emperor Valentinian I. Ambrose never married.

In the East, Emperor Theodosius I likewise professed the Nicene creed ; but there were many adherents of Arianism throughout his dominions, especially among the higher clergy.

* 1091 – Battle of Levounion: The Pechenegs are defeated by Byzantine Emperor Alexius I.

* 367, Battle of Solicinium — Romans under Emperor Valentinian I defeat yet another Alemanni incursion.

Turning to a more active life, Albert accompanied Emperor Maximilian I to Italy in 1508, and after his return spent some time in the Kingdom of Hungary.

As war over the Order's existence appeared inevitable, Albert made strenuous efforts to secure allies and carried on protracted negotiations with Emperor Maximilian I.

In loyalty oaths, it was, " I will not value my life or that of my children less highly than I do the safety of the Emperor and his sisters ," or, if in consular motions: " Good fortune attend to the Emperor and his sisters.

After a performance of the ballet ' Tsar Kandavl ' at the Mariinsky Theatre, I first caught sight of the Emperor.

In later years I came into contact with the Emperor on several occasions, and I felt not the slightest bit timid.

* Alexander I of Russia ( 1801 – 1825 ), Emperor of Russia

Alexios II Komnenos or Alexius II Comnenus () ( 10 September 1169 – 24 September 1183, Constantinople ), Byzantine emperor ( 1180 – 1183 ), was the son of Emperor Manuel I Komnenos and Maria, daughter of Raymond, prince of Antioch.

Andronicus was himself a son of Theodora Komnene Angelina, the youngest daughter of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos and Irene Doukaina.

Together with his father and brothers, Alexios had conspired against Emperor Andronikos I Komnenos ( c. 1183 ), and thus he spent several years in exile in Muslim courts, including that of Saladin.

His actions provoked a riot, which resulted in the deposition of Andronikos I and the proclamation of Isaac as Emperor.