Empirical analyses have consistently found problems with the efficient-market hypothesis, the most consistent being that stocks with low price to earnings ( and similarly, low price to cash-flow or book value ) outperform other stocks.

# Empirical Item analyses < ref > Janzen, Henry, John Obrzut, and Christopher Marusiak.

Empirical analyses of transaction costs have rarely attempted to measure and operationalize transaction costs.

Empirical observation confirms that resources ( capital, labor, technology ) and talent tend to concentrate geographically ( Easterly and Levine 2002 ).

Empirical evidence is mixed with higher support in better studies according to Cronk in a 2007 review.

Empirical support for the social identity perspective on groups was initially drawn from work using the minimal group paradigm.

Empirical research, however, fails to support clear distinctions between thoughts, emotions, and behavioral intentions associated with a particular attitude.

Empirical evidence to support either point of view is lacking.

Empirical research has been performed in support of this theory, as the meta-analysis of 104 empirical studies of the theory reveals.

Social learning in animals: Empirical studies and theoretical models.

Empirical studies would find ' in the perverse relationships described ... an absolute absence of any shared pleasures '; while at the theoretical level ' perversions involve-the theory tells us-an attempted denial of the difference between the sexes and the generations ', and include ' the wish to damage and dehumanize ... the misery of the driven, damaging life '.

Empirical studies have so far supported this theoretical framework ( for a review see Malle, 2011 ).

Empirical studies on moral exemplars has shown that moral identity has been developed through moral action while theoretical studies on moral identity was developed through from the concept of moral cognition, moral reasoning, and moral functioning.

Empirical, theoretical, and simulation studies have led to a number of dramatic demonstrations of the importance of adequate taxon sampling.

Empirical studies and theoretical formulations by Sally Jackson and Scott Jacobs, and several generations of their students, have described argumentation as a form of managing conversational disagreement within communication contexts and systems that naturally prefer agreement.

Empirical risk minimization ( ERM ) is a principle in statistical learning theory which defines a family of learning algorithms and is used to give theoretical bounds on the performance of learning algorithms.

Empirical evidence for the success of trade can be seen in the contrast between countries such as South Korea, which adopted a policy of export-oriented industrialization, and India, which historically had a more closed policy ( although it has begun to open its economy, as of 2005 ).

Empirical evidence suggests that taxes and transfers considerably reduce poverty in most countries, whose welfare states commonly constitute at least a fifth of GDP.

Empirical evidence suggests that countries with strong property rights systems have economic growth rates almost twice as high as those of countries with weak property rights systems, and that a market system with significant private property rights is an essential condition for democracy.

Empirical research confirms that the greater the trade linkage between countries the more coordinated are their business cycles.

Empirical treatment should generally be started in a patient in whom suspicion of diphtheria is high.

# Empirical techniques, laid out in a section usually called " Materials and Methods ", should be described in such a way that a subsequent scientist, with appropriate knowledge of and experience in the relevant field, should be able to repeat the observations and know whether he or she has obtained the same result.

Empirical risk minimization principle states that the learning algorithm should choose a hypothesis which minimizes the empirical risk:

Empirical treatment should also be considered if a lumbar puncture, to collect CSF for laboratory testing, cannot be done within 30 minutes of admission to hospital.

Empirical data indicate that biological gene networks are sparsely connected, and that the average number of upstream-regulators per gene is less than two.

Empirical evidence adduced in Lockhart also has shown that death-qualified juries are more likely than other jurors to convict a defendant.

Empirical reason cannot here play the role of establishing rational truths because it goes beyond possible experience and is applied to the sphere of that which transcends it.

Empirical arguments for ethics run into the is-ought problem, which assert that the way the world is cannot alone instruct people how they ought to act.

Empirical thermometers are not in general necessarily in exact agreement with absolute thermometers as to their numerical scale readings, but to qualify as thermometers at all they must agree with absolute thermometers and with each other in the following way: given any two bodies isolated in their separate respective thermodynamic equilibrium states, all thermometers agree as to which of the two has the higher temperature, or that the two have equal temperatures.

Empirical thermometers are not in general necessarily in exact agreement with each other or with absolute thermometers as to their numerical scale readings, but to qualify as thermometers at all they must agree with absolute thermometers and with each other in the following way: given any two bodies isolated in their separate respective thermodynamic equilibrium states, all thermometers agree as to which of the two has the higher temperature, or that the two have equal temperatures.

Empirical data on health locus of control in a number of fields was reviewed by Norman and Bennett in 1995 ; they note that data on whether certain health-related behaviors are related to internal health locus of control have been ambiguous.

Empirical macroeconomic forecasting models, being based on roughly the same data, had similar implications: they suggested that unemployment could be permanently lowered by permanently increasing inflation.

Empirical evidence ( the record of one's direct observations or experiences ) can be analyzed quantitatively or qualitatively.

The distance from Earth to the subsolar magnetopause varies over time due to solar activity, but typical distances range from 6-15 R. Empirical models using real-time solar wind data can provide a real-time estimate of the magnetopause location.

One can research their work through their professional organizations, the International Society for the Empirical Study of Literature and Media, and International Association of Empirical Aesthetics, and through such psychological indices as PSYCINFO.

Empirical studies suggest that mindfully reading and reciting the Psalms ( from scripture ) can help a person calm down and focus.

Empirical Bayes methods can be seen as an approximation to a fully Bayesian treatment of a hierarchical Bayes model.

" Empirical Bayes " as a label can cover a wide variety of methods, but most can be regarded as an early truncation of either the above scheme or something quite like it.

Empirical studies confirms the new approach to the traditional question regarding whether technology artefacts can be attributed with trust.

Empirical evidence provided by Berik and Rodgers ( 2006 ) suggests that any costs of raising labor standards can easily be offset by incentives encouraging foreign direct investment ( FDI ) and exports.

* Empirical constructs or variables that can actually be measured.