The distance from Earth to the subsolar magnetopause varies over time due to solar activity, but typical distances range from 6-15 R. Empirical models using real-time solar wind data can provide a real-time estimate of the magnetopause location.

Empirical risk minimization seeks the function that best fits the training data.

The researcher ( s ) then analyzes and interprets the data via a variety of statistical methods, engaging in what is known as Empirical research.

Empirical data is data produced by an observation or experiment.

Empirical data indicate that biological gene networks are sparsely connected, and that the average number of upstream-regulators per gene is less than two.

... Empirical data is now coming slowly as independent researchers find their own funding to conduct and publish empirical studies with peer review.

Empirical Bayes methods are procedures for statistical inference in which the prior distribution is estimated from the data.

* Empirical Bayes methods for missing data analysis

Empirical data on health locus of control in a number of fields was reviewed by Norman and Bennett in 1995 ; they note that data on whether certain health-related behaviors are related to internal health locus of control have been ambiguous.

Empirical macroeconomic forecasting models, being based on roughly the same data, had similar implications: they suggested that unemployment could be permanently lowered by permanently increasing inflation.

Empirical data gathered in Oskaloosa from 1947 to 1972 helped him develop the concept of the “ behavior setting ” to help explain the relationship between the individual and the immediate environment.

Fieldwork: Empirical description of cross-cultural data ( as opposed to armchair philosophy ; Bastian himself spent much of his adult life among non-European peoples ).

Empirical models are created by estimating many parameters ( typically all entries of the rate matrix and the character frequencies, see the GTR model above ) from a large data set.

* Empirical linkages: Hypotheses before data collection.

Empirical generalization after data collection.

Empirical data have suggested that exponential discounting, rewards discounting at a constant rate per unit of waiting time, only occurs when there are random interruptions in foraging.

Empirical studies supporting the predictions of RFT suggest that children learn language via a system of inherent reinforcements, challenging the view that language acquisition is based upon innate, language-specific cognitive capacities.

Empirical studies suggest that men entrepreneurs possess strong negotiating skills and consensus-forming abilities.

Empirical studies and a technical framework suggest that in reality, people do discount the future like this.

Empirical studies suggest that mindfully reading and reciting the Psalms ( from scripture ) can help a person calm down and focus.

Empirical comparisons with experimental values and higher-quality ab initio calculations suggest that in many cases, but not all, the energetic corrections due to relaxation effects nearly cancel the corrections due to electron correlation.

Empirical tests with a 4. 2 GB fragmented file on a DVD media have shown that Microsoft Windows XP supports this, while Mac OS X ( as of 10. 4. 8 ) does not handle this case properly.

Empirical support for the social identity perspective on groups was initially drawn from work using the minimal group paradigm.

Empirical relationships and associations are also frequently studied by using some form of General linear model, non-linear model, or by using factor analysis.

Empirical reason cannot here play the role of establishing rational truths because it goes beyond possible experience and is applied to the sphere of that which transcends it.

Empirical arguments for ethics run into the is-ought problem, which assert that the way the world is cannot alone instruct people how they ought to act.

Empirical evidence for the success of trade can be seen in the contrast between countries such as South Korea, which adopted a policy of export-oriented industrialization, and India, which historically had a more closed policy ( although it has begun to open its economy, as of 2005 ).

Empirical thermometers are not in general necessarily in exact agreement with absolute thermometers as to their numerical scale readings, but to qualify as thermometers at all they must agree with absolute thermometers and with each other in the following way: given any two bodies isolated in their separate respective thermodynamic equilibrium states, all thermometers agree as to which of the two has the higher temperature, or that the two have equal temperatures.

Empirical models that attempt to estimate the public investment and economic growth link involve a wide variety including: the Cobb-Douglas production function ; a behavioral approach cost / profit function which includes public capital stock ; Vector Auto Regression ( VAR ) models ; and government investment growth regressions.

The Post Card ( Bengali: প ো স ্ ট ক া র ্ ড ) is the largest circulating Bangla quarterly magazine in Bangladesh Published in 1 April 2012. This Magazine represent the Progressive Class which is Based on Empirical and Dialectical Point of view.

Empirical analysis in this framework studies the " sequential process through which the economic, industrial and institutional structure of an underdeveloped economy is transformed over time to permit new industries to replace traditional agriculture as the engine of economic growth.

He wrote The Logic of Chance which introduced the frequency interpretation or frequency theory of probability in 1866, Symbolic Logic which introduced the Venn diagrams in 1881, and The Principles of Empirical Logic in 1889.

Empirical thermometers are not in general necessarily in exact agreement with each other or with absolute thermometers as to their numerical scale readings, but to qualify as thermometers at all they must agree with absolute thermometers and with each other in the following way: given any two bodies isolated in their separate respective thermodynamic equilibrium states, all thermometers agree as to which of the two has the higher temperature, or that the two have equal temperatures.

Empirical research was conducted which brought to light the specific distinguishing characteristics of services.

He solidified this idea in his 1970 article, " Efficient Capital Markets: A Review of Theory and Empirical Work ", which brought the idea of efficient markets into the forefront of modern economic theory.

Empirical risk minimization ( ERM ) is a principle in statistical learning theory which defines a family of learning algorithms and is used to give theoretical bounds on the performance of learning algorithms.

Empirical risk minimization principle states that the learning algorithm should choose a hypothesis which minimizes the empirical risk:

* Empirical approach by which the hydraulic conductivity is correlated to soil properties like pore size and particle size ( grain size ) distributions, and soil texture

In July 2004 the American Psychological Association issued a statement that DADT " discriminates on the basis of sexual orientation " and that " Empirical evidence fails to show that sexual orientation is germane to any aspect of military effectiveness including unit cohesion, morale, recruitment and retention.

* Empirical research ( More on the scientific usage )

:“ Empirical research must be based on methodological agnosticism with regard to religious and philosophical ‘ first principles ’, and must fully recognize the historicity of religious phenomena.

Empirical research on this topic has been equivocal.

Empirical research into the question has been associated mainly with the names of Benjamin Lee Whorf, who wrote on the topic in the 1930s, and his mentor Edward Sapir, who did not himself write extensively on the topic.

Empirical temperatures lead to calorimetry for heat transfer in terms of the mechanical properties of bodies, without reliance on mechanical concepts of energy.

After stopping in Paris, where he met Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler, Michel Leiris and Rene Leibowitz, Adorno delivered a lecture entitled " The Present State of Empirical Social Research in Germany " at a conference on opinion research.

* Vapnik, Vladimir N .; and Kotz, Samuel ; Estimation of Dependences Based on Empirical Data, Springer, 2006.

* Focus Theme Articles: Business Models for Content Delivery: An Empirical Analysis of the Newspaper and Magazine Industry, Marc Fetscherin and Gerhard Knolmayer, International Journal on Media Management, Volume 6, Issue 1 & 2 September 2004, pages 4 – 11, September 2004.

* M. Awad, K. T. Wong & Z. Li, An Integrative Overview of the Open Literature's Empirical Data on the Indoor Radiowave Channel's Temporal Properties, IEEE Transactions on Antennas & Propagation, vol.

Empirical temperature and its scale is usually defined on the principles of thermodynamics equilibrium by the zeroth law of thermodynamics.

" Empirical evidence on this matter is still very tentative.

* Program on Empirical Legal Studies

The two academic bodies of thought on the assessment of competitiveness are the Structure Conduct Performance Paradigm and the more contemporary New Empirical Industrial Organisation model.

* Estimation of Dependences Based on Empirical Data, 1982

* Estimation of Dependences Based on Empirical Data, Reprint 2006 ( Springer ), also contains a philosophical essay on Empirical Inference Science, 2006