Environmental law is a complex and interlocking body of international treaties ( conventions ), statutes, regulations, and common law or national legislation ( where applicable ) that operates to regulate the interaction of humanity and the natural environment, toward the purpose of reducing the impacts of human activity.

The decisions of the Supreme Court in cases such as Calvert Cliffs Coordinating Committee v. U. S. Atomic Energy Commission ( broadly reading the procedural requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act ), Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill ( broadly reading the Endangered Species Act ), and, much more recently, Massachusetts v. EPA ( requiring EPA to reconsider regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act ) have had policy impacts far beyond the facts of the particular case.

For example, the US Environmental Protection Agency have studied the impacts of perchlorate on the environment as well as drinking water.

Also, the Environmental Protection Agency's ( EPA ) Clean Water Act of 1972 provided a public capital investment of $ 40 billion in constructing and upgrading sewage treatment facilities with “ significant positive impacts on the Nation ’ s water quality .” Considered by the National Academy of Engineering to be the greatest engineering achievement of the 20th century, the North American electric grid carries electricity over on high-voltage transmission lines across the U. S. Though currently facing aging facilities and equipment, this public capital investment has ubiquitously reached millions of homes and businesses.

:* Environmental impacts of social and economic change

For example, the US Environmental Protection Agency conducted studies on the impacts of perchlorate on the environment as well as drinking water.

The EIR, required by the California Environmental Quality Act ( CEQA ), “ examines the potential environmental impacts of many projects such as toxic waste dumps ”.

On 16 November, two weeks before the conference, President Bill Clinton issued Executive Order 13141 — Environmental Review of Trade Agreements, which committed the United States to a policy of " assessment and consideration of the environmental impacts of trade agreements " and stated " Trade agreements should contribute to the broader goal of sustainable development.

Environmental and community groups successfully blocked attempts to extend the freeway east of its present terminus due to potential impacts on a reservoir that provides drinking water for the local area.

More information on Environmental impacts can be found in the Glen Canyon Dam article.

Because LADWP had never completed an Environmental Impact Report ( EIR ) addressing the impacts of groundwater pumping, Inyo County sued Los Angeles under the terms of the California Environmental Quality Act.

Under direction of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, a comprehensive dynamic hydrology transport model was developed by Earth Metrics Inc .; the model's name was subsequently changed to DSSAM, and it was applied to analyze impacts of a variety of land use and wastewater management decisions throughout the Truckee River Basin.

Environmental impacts of the akosombo dam and effects of climate change on the lake levels.

The Sustainability Council, the Albion College Environmental House, The Whitehouse Nature Center, and the Ecological Awareness Club were created to educate and entertain the students, the faculty, and the general public about sustainability and reducing environmental impacts.

The United States Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) has published a life-cycle assessment ( LCA ) of the environmental impacts of lead-free and tin-lead solder, as used in electronic products.

:* An Environmental Mitigation Plan is often requested by the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) if substantial environmental impacts are expected from the preferred alternative.

* Environmental Assessment ( EA ): The proposal is analyzed in addition to the local environment with the aim to reduce the negative impacts of the development on the area.

# Determine the Evaluation Criteria – this policy sets Environmental impacts / benefits ( reduction of GHG ’ s as a measure to reducing climate change effects ) and Economical efficiency ( the costs of converting to biofuels as alternative to fossil fuels & the costs of production of biofuels from its different potential sources ) as its decision criteria.

Earham's Environmental Plan ( approved 2005 ) is an assessment of how Earlham impacts the environment, what steps have been or can be taken to reduce impacts.

2401 ), " to require analyses of the cumulative and incremental impacts of certain rules and actions of the Environmental Protection Agency, and for other purposes ", which has passed the House and will go on to the Senate.

The Corps has previously stated that any revision of the SMP will require the completion of a Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement ( SEIS ) for the entire Lake Texoma project that will consider the cumulative impacts of the extensive development that has occurred around the Lake since the original EIS was conducted in the 1970s.

The United States Environmental Protection Agency's ( EPA ) website states: " Of the lakes and streams surveyed, acid rain caused acidity in 75 percent of the acidic lakes and about 50 percent of the acidic streams ".

* From 1982 through to 1985, Times Beach, Missouri, was bought out and evacuated under order of the United States Environmental Protection Agency due to high levels of dioxins in the soil caused by applications of contaminated oil meant to control dust on the town's dirt roads.

The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences ( a division of the NIH ) defines MCS as a " chronic, recurring disease caused by a person's inability to tolerate an environmental chemical or class of foreign chemicals ".

* Environmental trigger, a factor caused ( or aided ) by the environment

Environmental fouling can be caused by beach sand or loose floating plant or animal matter getting lodged in the valves and preventing proper opening or closing.

Monsanto was the subject of an investigation by the Environmental Agency of the UK regarding pollution caused by disposal of PCBs and other toxic waste at Brofiscin Quarry, Groes Faen.

* Dr Brian Cooke from CSIRO Wildlife and Ecology receiving the 2000 POL Eureka Prize for Environmental Research, for his lifetime commitment to reducing the devastation caused by rabbits on the Australian environment

Works such as Silent Spring, and The Limits to Growth, and changes in legislation such as the Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, and the National Environmental Policy Act caused the public to be aware of societal growth patterns, agricultural production, and the overall capacity of the system.

The second title of the bill was submitted by McKinney, seeking a Comprehensive Environmental Sampling and Toxicity Assessment Plan, or CESTAP, to minimize harm to Gulf Coast residents from the toxic releases into the environment caused by the hurricane.

* Environmental issues-Worries about noise, dangerous chemical spills and the fragmentation of animal habitats caused many environmentalists and neighbours to fiercely resist the new track.

Environmental degradation of the surface phase over time can be caused by wear, corrosion, fatigue and creep.

The Agency issues Environmental Permits to waste management sites and any individuals or companies found to have caused pollution or have infringed their licence conditions can be prosecuted.

A United States Environmental Protection Agency update of the Kalamazoo River spill concluded the pipeline rupture " caused the largest inland oil spill in Midwest history " and reported the cost of the cleanup at $ 36. 7 million ( US ) as of November 14, 2011.

* Environmental damage such as that caused by sun or cold exposure

Environmental preservation in the United States and other parts of the world, including Australia, is viewed as the setting aside of natural resources to prevent damage caused by contact with humans or by certain human activities, such as logging, mining, hunting, and fishing, often to replace them with new human activities such as tourism and recreation.

In the 1970s, increasing concern over exhaust pollution caused the U. S. government to form the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ), which began writing and enforcing rules that required automobile manufacturers to introduce changes that made their engines run cleaner.

* Environmental problem caused by free newspaper – “ Gather free newspaper practice of residents and its relations to environmental issues ” ().

In 1973 a visit from the Environmental Protection Agency's Program to Photographically Document Subjects of Environmental Concern ( called " DOCUMERICA ") caused the Mine Falls Park masterplan to be created in 1974.

Edelbrock had been elected in a crucial time in the history of SEMA ; Congress enacted the Clean Air Act in 1971 and established the Environmental Protection Agency, which targeted the air pollution caused by internal combustion engines.

Disposal of waste by simply dumping it at the shoreline such as here at the Russian Bellingshausen Island | Bellingshausen base is no longer permitted by the Protocol on Environmental Protection

In some areas TCDD concentrations in soil and water were hundreds of times greater than the levels considered " safe " by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.

In some areas, TCDD concentrations in soil and water were hundreds of times greater than the levels considered safe by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.

In 2001, Bt176 varieties were voluntarily withdrawn from the list of approved varieties by the United States Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) when it was found to have little or no Bt expression in the ears and was not found to be effective against second generation corn borers.

Goldman Sachs is seeking gold-level certification under the United States Green Building Council ’ s Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design ( LEED ) program by incorporating various water and energy conservation features.

The nuclear reactors were decommissioned at the end of the Cold War, and the Hanford site is now the focus of the world's largest environmental cleanup, managed by the Department of Energy under the oversight of the Washington Department of Ecology and the Environmental Protection Agency.

Environmental protection also includes the re-integration of quarries into the countryside after they have been closed down by returning them to nature or re-cultivating them.

* Parking lots create sticky pollution problem by Erica Engelhaupt Environmental Science and Technology

* 1980 – The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, also known as CERCLA or Superfund, is enacted by the U. S. Congress.

Micro was used to manage very large data sets by the US Department of Labor, the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, and researchers from the University of Alberta, the University of Michigan, and Wayne State University.

Environmental law draws from and is influenced by principles of environmentalism, including ecology, conservation, stewardship, responsibility and sustainability.

The National Environmental Policy Act ( 1969 ), the Clean Air Act ( 1970 ), the Clean Water Act ( 1972 ), and the Endangered Species Act ( 1973 ) all were enacted with broad bipartisan support, and ultimately signed into law by Republican President Richard Nixon.

Antitoxin groups are a subgroup that is affiliated with the Environmental Movement in the United States, that is primarily concerned with the effects that cities and their by products have on humans.

* Emerging Environmental Majority by Christina Larson

The ECMWF model is primarily used as comparison against the Global Forecast System, which is based in the United States and is run by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction.

Environmental skepticism is an umbrella term that describes those that argue that particular claims put forward by environmentalists and environmental scientists who support the first are false or exaggerated, along with those who are critical of environmentalism in general.

In 1990 he founded the Science & Environmental Policy Project to advocate this position, and in 2006 was named by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation as one of a minority of scientists said to be creating a stand-off on a consensus on climate change.

* " Heritability Estimates Versus Large Environmental Effects: The IQ Paradox Resolved "-article by Dickens and Flynn

With the exception of a single gray whale killed in 1999, the Makah people have been prevented from hunting by a series of legal challenges, culminating in a United States federal appeals court decision in December 2002 that required the National Marine Fisheries Service to prepare an Environmental Impact Statement.

This connection between both physical and human properties of geography is most apparent in the theory of Environmental determinism, made popular in the 19th century by Carl Ritter and others, and with close links to evolutionary biology of the time.

The study from which the report was based was conducted jointly by researchers at the EPA's National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory and Indiana University.

It was found by investigators from the Environmental Investigation Agency ( EIA ) that CITES sales of stockpiles from Singapore and Burundi ( 270 tonnes and 89. 5 tonnes respectively ) had created a system which increased the value of ivory on the international market, rewarded international smugglers and gave them the ability to control the trade and continue smuggling new ivory.

Some of the major research ventures undertaken by these schools include the pioneering work done by the School of Environmental Studies in highlighting the presence of arsenic in groundwater in countries like India and Bangladesh and the development of the first alcohol based car by the School of Automobile Engineering.