The first surviving edition ( bilingual Swedish – Esperanto ) was published in Sweden in 2003.

In 2010 it was published in Russia as another bilingual ( Russian – Esperanto ) edition.

He was a prolific author of Esperanto works.

The first World Congress of Esperanto was organized in France in 1905.

Although no country has adopted Esperanto officially, Esperanto was recommended by the French Academy of Sciences in 1921 and recognized in 1954 by UNESCO ( which later, in 1985, also recommended it to its member states ).

In 2007 Esperanto was the 32nd language that adhered to the " Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning, Teaching, Assessment ( CEFR )".

Esperanto was created in the late 1870s and early 1880s by Dr. Ludwig Lazarus Zamenhof, an ophthalmologist of mixed cultural heritage from Bialystok, then part of the Russian Empire.

After some ten years of development, which Zamenhof spent translating literature into Esperanto as well as writing original prose and verse, the first book of Esperanto grammar was published in Warsaw in July 1887.

In the early years, speakers of Esperanto kept in contact primarily through correspondence and periodicals, but in 1905 the first world congress of Esperanto speakers was held in Boulogne-sur-Mer, France.

There was a proposal to make Esperanto its official language.

After the Great War, there was a proposal for the League of Nations to accept Esperanto as their working language, following a report by Nitobe Inazō, an official delegate of League of Nations during the 13th World Congress of Esperanto in Prague.

Hanotaux did not like how the French language was losing its position as the international language and saw Esperanto as a threat, effectively wielding his veto power to block the decision.

In Germany, there was additional motivation to persecute Esperanto because Zamenhof was Jewish.

The efforts of some Esperantists to expel Jewish colleagues and align themselves with the Reich were finally helpless and Esperanto was forbidden in 1936.

In Imperial Japan, the left-wing of the Japanese Esperanto movement was persecuted, but its leaders were careful enough not to give the impression to the government that the Esperantists were revolutionaries, which proved a successful strategy.

In the early years of the Soviet Union, Esperanto was given a measure of government support, and the Soviet Esperanto Association was an officially recognized organization.

The use of Esperanto was effectively banned until 1956.

He was chosen to represent unmodified Esperanto before the Committee of the Delegation for the Adoption of an International Auxiliary Language, attending the meetings of the Delegation Committee in October, 1907.

Modern Esperanto usage may in fact depart from that originally described in the Fundamento, though the differences are largely semantic ( involving changed meaning of words ) rather than grammatical or phonological.

( Alternatively, Esperanto may be written with English-like digraphs in h rather than with diacritics, but this is seldom seen outside email.

) Overall, the Esperanto alphabet resembles the Czech alphabet, but with circumflexes rather than háčeks on the letters ĉ, ŝ ; Western-based ĝ, ĵ in place of Czech dž, ž ; and ĥ for Czech ch.

International auxiliary languages such as Esperanto have historically had such a low level of adoption and use that they can only be described as potential rather than functioning lingua francas.

The o ending in euro conveniently accords with the standard-o noun ending in Esperanto, but rather than sound out e and u separately, Esperanto speakers elected to use the diphthong eŭ making the Esperanto name of the currency not identical with what is written on the currency.

Esperanto speakers are unlikely to call a cent cento, since cento means a group of 100, rather than a hundredth.

A priori languages are constructed languages where the vocabulary is invented directly, rather than being derived from other existing languages ( as with Esperanto or Interlingua ).

Esperanto II replaced j with y, kv with q, kz with x, and diacritic letters with j ( ĵ and ĝ ), w ( ŭ ), and digraphs sh ( ŝ ), ch ( ĉ ); replaced the passive in-iĝ-with-ev -, the indefinite ending-aŭ with adverbial-e, the accusative-on on nouns with-u, and the plural on nouns with-n ( so membrun for membrojn " members "); dropped adjectival agreement ; broke up the table of concords, changed other small grammatical words such as ey for kaj " and ", and treated pronouns more like nouns, so that the plural of li " he " is lin rather than ili " they ", and the accusative of ĝi " it " is ju.

* The infinitive ends in-ir, rather than in the-i of modern Esperanto.

For this reason Bahá ' ís tend to place emphasis on the urgency of introducing such a language rather than giving direct support to Esperanto or to any other one language.

The Universal House of Justice did not change its standpoint: although very much sympathising with the aims of the Bahá ' í-Esperanto movement, it was opposed to the unofficial introduction of Esperanto ( even if only temporary ) into the Bahá ' í Community, stressing that it was the principle of an international auxiliary language rather any one concrete proposal that Bahá ' ís supported.

He also presents the idea that, once one has learned enough vocabulary to express himself, it is easier to think clearly in Esperanto than in many other languages.

A highly regular grammar makes Esperanto much easier to learn than most other languages of the world, though particular features may be more or less advantageous or difficult depending on the language background of the learner.

The rite of her sacred fires is a modern festival held in honour of the Goddess Hekate all around the world at the Full Moon in May each year, with thousands participating in more than 18 languages, including English, Spanish, Russian, Portuguese, German, Serbian, Welsh and Esperanto.

* The German Esperanto Library, in Aalen, Germany, which has a collection of more than 11, 000 pieces.

Since that time, its Esperanto motto " Servo per Amikeco " ( Service through Friendship ) has reached more people than could have been imagined.

The World Congress of Esperanto ( in Esperanto: Universala Kongreso de Esperanto, acronym UK ) has the longest tradition among international Esperanto conventions, with an almost unbroken run of more than a hundred years.

A posteriori languages, such as Esperanto and Interlingua, are more popular than the a priori type, perhaps partly because their familiar vocabulary makes them easy to learn and recognize.

On the other hand, speakers of Western European languages often complain that the orthography and endings in Esperanto can be significantly different from their etymological cognates in national European languages, more so than in many competing constructed languages.

However, if Esperanto were the medium of wider communication, they believe fewer people would have this fear, because Esperanto is easier to acquire than ethnic languages, and because one doesn't need to be a native speaker in order to speak it well.

A limited number of Esperanto adverbs do not end with the regular adverbial ending-e. Many of these function as more than just adverbs, such as hodiaŭ " today " or adverb and ankoraŭ " yet, still " or adverb.

In other words, studying Esperanto for one year and then, say, French for three results in greater proficiency in French than studying French for four years.

* it is possible for the average student to understand written and spoken Esperanto in 20 hours better than he can understand French, German, Italian, or Spanish after 100 hours

* show that, under normal scholastic instruction conditions, Esperanto can be more easily learned than any other language ;

* demonstrate that, even during instruction, Esperanto is already applicable in various way to a greater extent than other foreign languages.

* Regarding the speaking ability of LOTE, no Esperanto pupil was rated less than 3 in this skill.