There was keen competition between the two from the introduction of the The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing | Algebra into Europe in the 12th century until its triumph in the 16th.

The abacus had fallen out of use in western Europe in the 16th century with the rise of decimal notation and algorismic methods.

Gothic-This style prevailed between the 12th century and the 16th century in Europe.

With the Academies in Europe ( second half of 16th century ) the gap between fine and applied arts was definitely set.

It was eventually replaced by speltering, the direct alloying of copper and zinc metal which was introduced to Europe in the 16th century.

Mail typically persisted longer in less technologically advanced areas such as Eastern Europe but was in use everywhere into the 16th century.

Belloc was quite explicit in his opposition to Protestantism as a concept and schism from the Catholic Church in general, considering the division of Christendom in the 16th century, as one of the most harmful events in the history of Europe.

In Europe, the grammar school or academy existed from as early as the 16th century ; public schools or fee-paying schools, or charitable educational foundations have an even longer history.

Murray used 16th to 17th century French sources on supposed Witches ' Sabbaths in the context of the European witch trials to " reconstruct " a Witch Cult in Western Europe.

Stories of kites were first brought to Europe by Marco Polo towards the end of the 13th century, and kites were brought back by sailors from Japan and Malaysia in the 16th and 17th centuries.

According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, it was politically, economically, and culturally one of the most important cities in Europe and the world from the 14th century to the 16th century.

The slaves were sold in Europe and, from the 16th century, in the Americas.

In the Spanish preface, Fra Marino records his wish that the Gospel of Barnabas should be printed, and the only place in Europe where that would have been possible in the late 16th century would have been Istanbul.

The galliard ( gaillarde in French ; gagliarda in Italian ) was a form of Renaissance dance and music popular all over Europe in the 16th century.

Around the transition from the 15th to the 16th century, Albrecht Dürer from Nuremberg established his reputation across Europe as painter, printmaker, mathematician, engraver, and theorist when he was still in his twenties and secured his reputation as one of the most important figures of the Northern Renaissance.

The political environment in Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries was also volatile.

During the 16th and 17th centuries, a large advancement of scientific progress known as the Scientific Revolution took place in Europe.

In the second half of the 16th and the first half of the 17th century, the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth was a huge state in central-eastern Europe, with an area approaching one million square kilometers.

During the 16th century, the Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs were the dominant power in Europe.

Likewise, East Asian paintings and other works of art ( such as porcelain and lacquerware ) were highly prized in Europe since initial contact in the 16th century.

While empirical investigations of the natural world have been described since classical antiquity ( for example, by Thales, Aristotle, and others ), and scientific methods have been employed since the Middle Ages ( for example, by Ibn al-Haytham, Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī and Roger Bacon ), the dawn of modern science is generally traced back to the early modern period, during what is known as the Scientific Revolution that took place in 16th and 17th century Europe.

In the 16th century, the Portuguese broke the monopoly of the Arabs and Italians of trade between Asia and Europe by the discovery of the sea route to India around the Cape of Good Hope.

Goldfish were introduced to Japan in the 16th century and to Europe in the 17th century.

In the 16th century Antwerp was a commercial centre of Europe.

The Bolivian Andes produce principally tin although historically silver mining had a huge impact on the economy of 17th century Europe.

Aachen became attractive as a spa by the middle of the 17th century, not so much because of the effects of the hot springs on the health of its visitors but because Aachen was then — and remained well into the 19th century — a place of high-level prostitution in Europe.

It was introduced to Europe at the close of the 17th century as a handsome greenhouse plant, and is hardy outdoors in the south of England and Ireland if protected from severe frosts.

While never reaching the level of accuracy of a modern timepiece, the water clock was the most accurate and commonly used timekeeping device for millennia, until it was replaced by the more accurate pendulum clock in 17th century Europe.

During the 17th century cavalry in Europe lost most of its armor, ineffective against the muskets and cannon which were coming into use, and by the mid-19th century armor had mainly fallen into disuse, although some regiments retained a small thickened cuirass that offered protection against lances and sabres and some protection against shot.

In eastern Europe, Russia, and out onto the steppes, cavalry remained important much longer and dominated the scene of warfare until the early 17th century and even beyond, as the strategic mobility of cavalry was crucial for the semi-nomadic pastoralist lives that many steppe cultures led.

The latter includes the automata, popular in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, featuring dancing figures that would repeat the same task over and over again ; these automata are examples of open-loop control.

Trade with Europe followed from the 17th century onwards.

In the 19th century, research was conducted on a small quantity of remains of four specimens that had been brought to Europe in the early 17th century.

The city expanded rapidly from the 17th century ; it was briefly the second largest city in the British Empire and the fifth largest in Europe.

Deistic viewpoints emerged during the scientific revolution of 17th century Europe and came to exert a powerful influence during the eighteenth century enlightenment.

Natural theology is a facet of the revolution in world view that occurred in Europe in the 17th century.

The modern " election ", which consists of public elections of government officials, didn't emerge until the beginning of the 17th century when the idea of representative government took hold in North America and Europe.

The coffee shops or cafés of 17th century Europe may also be considered an early version of the restaurant.

Shah Jahan also countered the British and other Europeans in his province of Gujarāt, which supplied Europe saltpeter for use in gunpowder warfare during the 17th century.

17th century Khmelnytsky Uprising | destructions and Sabbatai Zevi | false Messianism brought disillusionment to the Jews of Eastern Europe.

The personal, improvisatory and creative traditions of Western European religious art are largely lacking in Russia before the 17th century, when Simon Ushakov's painting became strongly influenced by religious paintings and engravings from Protestant as well as Catholic Europe.

In the 17th century, liberal ideas began to influence governments in Europe, in nations such as The Netherlands, Switzerland, England and Poland, but they were strongly opposed, often by armed might, by those who favored absolute monarchy and established religion.