* Nicene Creed or the Creed of Nicaea is used to refer to the original version adopted at the First Council of Nicaea ( 325 ), to the revised version adopted by the First Council of Constantinople ( 381 ), to the Latin version that includes the phrase " Deum de Deo " and " Filioque ", and to the Armenian version, which does not include " and from the Son ", but does include " God from God " and many other phrases.

" The phrase " and the Son " ( in Latin, " Filioque ") was one of the elements that led to the great schism of 1054 that split Chalcedonian Christianity and has not yet been healed.

A synod at Constantinople in 867 excommunicated Nicholas and rejected his claims of primacy, his efforts to convert Bulgaria to the obedience of the Roman Church, and the addition of the Filioque clause in parts of the Latin Church.

The Council at Constantinople in 867 excommunicated Pope Nicholas I, who was then replaced by Pope Adrian II ( due to the death of Nicholas I ), and rejected Nicholas ' claims of primacy, his efforts to convert Bulgaria, and the addition of the Filioque in parts of the Latin Church.

* The Western Church's insertion of " Filioque " into the Latin version of the Nicene Creed without holding a council with or gaining consent from the Eastern Churches.

In accordance with the Roman Catholic Church's practice of including the clause when reciting the Creed in Latin, but not when reciting the Creed in Greek, Popes John Paul II and Benedict XVI have recited the Nicene Creed jointly with Patriarchs Demetrius I and Bartholomew I in Greek without the Filioque clause.

The " Filioque ", Latin for " and ( from ) the Son ", was added in Western Christianity to the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed.

Indeed, the Roman Catholic Church does not add the phrase corresponding to Filioque ( καὶ Υἱοῦ ) to the Greek text of the Creed, even in the liturgy for Latin Rite Catholics.

The changed Latin sentence reads " Et in Spiritum Sanctum (…), qui ex Patre procedit " (" and in the Holy Spirit (…), who proceeds from the Father ") instead of " qui ex Patre Filioque procedit " (" who proceeds from the Father and the Son ").

Although he approved of the doctrine thus expressed, he also ordered that the Nicene Creed, without Filioque, be displayed on silver tablets placed in Saint Peter's Basilica, adding: " Haec Leo posui amore et cautela orthodoxae fidei " ( I, Leo, put these here for love and protection of orthodox faith ).

Even as it became clear the Greek Church would never consent to the Filioque clause, the Emperor continued to press for a reconciliation.

At the Council of Florence ( 1431 – 1445 ), these controversies about Western theological elaborations and usages were identified as, chiefly, the insertion of " Filioque " in the Nicene Creed, the use of unleavened bread for the Eucharist, Purgatory, and the authority of the Pope.

Eastern Christians expressed a belief that the Fall of Constantinople was God's punishment for the Emperor and clergy accepting the West's doctrines of Filioque, Purgatory, and the supremacy of the Papacy.

Several of the issues mentioned below have been raised against the Western Church for centuries, as can be seen in The Byzantine Lists: Errors of the Latins, by Tia M. Kolbaba ( University of Illinois Press, 2000 ), which treats of the Latins ' prohibition of ordination of married men, the addition of Filioque to the creed, Lenten fasting different from that in the East, fasting on Saturday, azymes in the Eucharist, differences on baptism, marriage within forbidden degrees, failure to revere icons sufficiently, bishops wearing rings, insufficient reverence for the Virgin Mary, making the sign of the cross differently, various liturgical differences and many similar " errors ".

The encyclical explicitly denounces the Filioque clause added by Rome to the Nicene Creed as a heresy, censures the papacy for missionizing among Eastern Orthodox Christians, and repudiates Ultramontanism ( papal supremacy ).

A few authors of 20th-century books on Christian symbolism ( such as Edward N. West in Outward Signs: The Language of Christian Symbolism, 1989 ) have been of the opinion that the form of the diagram with one vertex down and the captions " PATER " and " FILIUS " in the two top nodes is more appropriate for Western Christianity with its Filioque, while the form of the diagram with one vertex up represents more closely the doctrine of the Trinity in Eastern Christianity ( without the Filioque ) — though this hyper-refined interpretation does not agree with 13th-century usage, nor with the use of versions of the diagram with one vertex up by modern Catholics and Protestants.

The Catholic Church recognizes that the addition of " and the Son " to the Greek form of the Creed would be wrong, because of the specific meaning of the Greek verb that is translated as " proceeds ", but it holds that both forms of the text, with and without " Filioque ", are orthodox in other languages, where " proceeds " can also represent a different Greek verb, used by Greek Fathers when saying that the Holy Spirit " proceeds " ( in that sense ) from the Son.

This is considered heretical by most Eastern Christians, who use the Creed as originally promulgated by the Ecumenical Councils of Nicaea and Constantinople, saying that the Holy Spirit " proceeds from the Father " ( See Filioque clause ).

This led to conflict between Constantinople and Rome over doctrinal issues such as the addition of the Filioque clause to the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed and territorial claims due to the Church of Constantinople's seizure of territory from the Roman Patriarchate in southern Italy and Sicily.

In contrast, the Roman Catholic Church and the Protestant churches of western Christianity add the phrases " God from God " and " and the Son " ( see Filioque clause ), and the Armenian Apostolic Church has many more additions.

It was agreed that the " Filioque " should not be inserted in the Nicene Creed, although the Ruthenian clergy professed and taught the procession of the Holy Spirit from the Father and the Son.

* the 2nd directed the recitation of the creed of Constantinople at Holy Communion, with the addition of the Filioque clause: Credo in Spiritum Sanctum qui ex patre filioque procedit (" I believe in the Holy Spirit who proceeds from the Father and Son ") which was never accepted in the Christian East and led to drawn-out controversy ;

The second section of the work advances dogmatic theses on ( 1 ) the consubstantiality of the Son with the Father, ( 2 ) the divinity of the Holy Spirit, ( 3 ) the distinction of the divine persons by relations of origin, and ( 4 ) the procession of the Holy Spirit from the Father and the Son ( the Filioque ).

The words " procedenti ab utroque / compar sit laudatio "-- literally, " May equal praise be to the One proceeding from both "-- refer to the Holy Spirit, who according to the later version of the Nicene Creed used in Western Christianity proceeds from both the Father and the Son ( see Filioque ).

In fact, unlike the Catholics who do not generally consider the Orthodox heretical, and speak instead about the Eastern " schism ", some prominent Orthodox theologians do consider the Catholic Church to be heretical on fundamental doctrinal issues of theology, such as the Filioque.

At the 879 – 880 Council of Constantinople the Eastern Orthodox Church anathematized the " Filioque " phrase, " as a novelty and augmentation of the Creed ", and in their 1848 encyclical the Eastern Patriarchs spoke of it as a heresy.

to Photius, declaring the Filioque to be an addition which is rejected by the church of Rome, and a blasphemy which must be abolished calmly and by, degrees.

The most frequently discussed point of theological difference is embodied in the dispute regarding the inclusion of the Filioque in the Nicene Creed.

Various Orthodox theologians argue that the Filioque clause is symptomatic of this difference.

Nonetheless, these groups recognize that Filioque is not part of the original text established at the First Council of Constantinople in 381 and they do not demand that others too should use it when saying the Creed.

The Council had meanwhile successfully negotiated reunification with several Eastern Churches, reaching agreements on such matters as the Western insertion of the phrase " Filioque " to the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed, the definition and number of the sacraments, and the doctrine of purgatory.

Methodius seems to have disregarded, wholly or in part, the prohibition of the Slavonic liturgy ; and when Frankish clerics again found their way into the country, and the archbishop's strictness had displeased the licentious Svatopluk, this was made a cause of complaint against him at Rome, coupled with charges regarding the Filioque.

The document quotes the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed in its original form, without Filioque, which was first added to the creed by the Third Council of Toledo in 589.

Leo forbade the addition of Filioque to the Nicene Creed, when asked to confirm the decision of a Council of Aachen held in 809.

Around 1336, Gregory received copies of treatises written by Barlaam against the Latins, condemning their insertion of the Filioque into the Nicene Creed.

The early sessions lasted until 17 July 1438 with each theological issue of the Great Schism ( 1054 ) hotly debated, including the Processions of the Holy Spirit, Filioque clause in the Nicene Creed, Purgatory and Papal Primacy.

Around 1336, Gregory Palamas received copies of treatises written by Barlaam against the Latins, condemning their insertion of the Filioque into the Nicene Creed.

The primary causes of the Schism were disputes over conflicting claims of jurisdiction, in particular over papal authority — Pope Leo IX claimed he held authority over the four Eastern patriarchs ( see also Pentarchy )— and over the insertion of the Filioque clause into the Nicene Creed by the Western patriarch in 1014.

Popes John Paul II and Benedict XVI have recited the Nicene Creed jointly with Patriarchs Demetrius I and Bartholomew I in Greek without the Filioque clause.

The Greeks conceded on the issue of the Filioque ( two words added to the Nicene creed ), and union was proclaimed, but the union was later repudiated by Andronicus II, heir to Michael VIII.

The Greeks read the Nicene Creed, with the Western addition of the Filioque clause sung three times.