Eastern Orthodox Christians argue that thereby the council condemned not only the addition of the Filioque clause to the creed but also denounced the clause as heretical ( a view strongly espoused by Photius in his polemics against Rome ), while Roman Catholics separate the two and insist on the theological orthodoxy of the clause.

Due to various conflicts arising during the replacement of Patriarch Ignatius of Constantinople by Photius, the Council of Constantinople ( 867 ) was convened via Photius, to address the question of Papal Supremacy over all of the churches and their patriarchs and the use of the Filioque.

* In the East, the patriarch Photius responded to the practice of certain Frankish monks in Jerusalem who attempted to impose the practice of the Filioque on their Eastern brothers.

* Council of Constantinople ( 867 ), a local council convened by Photius to discuss Papal supremacy and the Filioque.

Photius, writing in the 9th century, found various text appended to manuscripts of the seven canonical books, which lead Daniel Heinsius to suggest that the original eighth book is lost, and he identified the text purported to be from the eighth book as fragments of the Hypopotoses.

In his critique of the theology of Clement of Alexandria, Photius in his Myriobiblon held that Clement ’ s views reflected a quasi-docetic view of the nature of Christ, writing that Clement " He hallucinates that the Word was not incarnate but only seems to be.

Herodotus's recitation at Olympia was a favourite theme among ancient writers and there is another interesting variation on the story to be found in the Suda, Photius and Tzetzes, in which a young Thucydides happened to be in the assembly with his father and burst into tears during the recital, whereupon Herodotus observed prophetically to the boy's father: " Thy son's soul yearns for knowledge.

There may appear some difficulty at first sight, however, in the statement of Photius, that the work, in the form in which he saw it, appeared to him to be a second edition.

* Patriarch Ignatius is imprisoned and ( December 25 ) deposed to be succeeded by Patriarch Photius I.

Ignatius ’ elevation to the Patriarchate was declared to be uncanonical and Photius was acclaimed as properly elected as the new Patriarch.

Pliny the Elder cited Ctesias and quoted Photius identifying the Chimera with an area of permanent gas vents which still can be found today by hikers on the Lycian Way in southwest Turkey.

They had accepted the teaching of Paul of Samosata, though at a later period the name of Paul was believed to be that of the Apostle ; and they were not quite free from the Dualistic principle of the Gnostics, at a later period too much identified with the teaching of Mani, by Photius, Petrus Siculus, and other authors.

Writing to Photius, pope Nicholas I cites a harmony of the canons which includes those of Sardica, which could only be that of John the Lawyer.

On his demand to be restored in accordance with the verdict of Photius and Eustathius at Beirut and Tyre, the Acts of that synod were read, and the next day the pope's legates gave their opinion that Ibas, was unlawfully deposed, and should be at once restored.

To this Photius added a moralistic bias that would long persecute the author: " the obscenity and impurity of sentiment impair his judgment, are prejudicial to seriousness, and make the story disgusting to read or something to be avoided altogether.

The western explanation is that Photius saw that the position of the Latins could not successfully be assailed.

Hergenröther was especially interested in the career of Photius and in the origins of the Greek Schism, and kept up continuous research in the principal libraries for manuscripts of the works of Photius, in order to exhibit the original materials in as perfect a text as could be established.

Against the second may be set the negative testimony of Photius who had read the original ; " Photius, who was severe to excess towards the slightest semblance of Arianism, remarked no such taint in the Apology of Origen which he had read in Greek.

The view once held ( on the strength of a fragment of Aristotle, quoted carelessly by Photius ) that the naucrary was invented by Solon may now be regarded as obsolete ( see the Aristotelian Constitution, viii.

According to Photius, Agrippa died, childless, at the age of seventy, in the third year of the reign of Trajan, that is, 100, but statements of historian Josephus, in addition to the contemporary epigraphy from his kingdom, cast this date into serious doubt.

Photius compared Clement's treatise, which like his other works was highly syncretic, featuring ideas of Hellenistic, Jewish and Gnostic origin, unfavourably against the prevailing orthodoxy of the 9th century.

Photius had already been declared deposed by the Pope, an act which the Church of Constantinople accepted at this council.

* the Apology for Origen, the first five books of which, according to the definite statement of Photius, were written by Pamphilus in prison, with the assistance of Eusebius.

Photius, the Patriarch of Constantinople, shortly after the council in which he had pronounced sentence of deposition against Pope Nicholas I, was driven from the patriarchate by a new emperor, Basil the Macedonian, who favoured his rival Ignatius.

He had also opposed the arbitrary proceedings of the Archbishops of Bordeaux and Ravenna, and resisted the attacks which the Patriarch Photius made on the Holy See.

” As the Holy Apostolic See has made known to us that the blasphemous errors of a certain Photius against the Holy Ghost are still vigorous in the East, errors which teach that the Holy Spirit proceeds not from the Son but from the Father only we exhort you venerable brethren, together with us, in accordance with the admonition of the ruler of the Roman See, after a careful study of the works of the Fathers, to draw from the quiver of Holy Writ arrows sharp enough to slay the monster which is again springing into life .”

The days on which the Pithoigia and Choës were celebrated were both regarded as ἀποφράδες ( nefasti, " unlucky ") and μιαραί (" defiled "), necessitating expiatory libations ; on them the souls of the dead came up from the underworld and walked abroad ; according to Photius, people chewed leaves of buckthorn and besmeared their doors with tar to protect themselves from evil.

Unhappy with Byzantine influence and desiring an autocephalous status which Photius was unwilling to grant, Boris sent an embassy to Nicholas with 106 questions on the teaching and discipline of the Church in August 866.

Diodorus ' universal history, which he named Bibliotheca historica (" Historical Library "), was immense and consisted of 40 books, of which 1 – 5 and 11 – 20 survive: fragments of the lost books are preserved in Photius and the excerpts of Constantine Porphyrogenitus.

Although his work was superseded by more detailed accounts in the 2nd century AD, Photius found a copy of Erythraean Sea in the 10th century, from which he preserved extensive extracts in his Bibliotheca.

515, and wrote his biography, part of which is preserved in the Bibliotheca of Photius.

Hence the charge of impiety which Photius brings against him.

Damascius's biography of his teacher Isidore ( perhaps a part of the philosophos historia attributed to Damascius by the Suda ), of which Photius has preserved a considerable fragment.

* Logoi Paradoxoi, in 4 books, of which Photius also gives an account and specifies the respective titles of the books.

Photius had before him a " new edition " of the history in which the passages most offensive to Christians were omitted.

Two years later he published the Lexicon of Photius from Porson's transcript of the Gale manuscript in Trinity College library, to which he appended a Lexicon rhetoricum, from the margin of a Cambridge manuscript of Harpocration.

The authors on which his time was mainly spent were the tragedians, Aristophanes, Athenaeus, and the lexicons of Suidas, Hesychius and Photius.

Diodorus of Tarsus ( d. 394 ) may have argued for a flat Earth based on scriptures ; however, Diodorus ' opinion on the matter is known to us only by a criticism of it by Photius.

A considerable number of other works are given as Justin's by Arethas, Photius, and other writers ; but their spuriousness is now generally admitted.

* 869 – The Fourth Council of Constantinople is convened to decide about what to do about patriarch Photius of Constantinople.

The style is characterized by Photius as concise, clear and pure ; other historians have judged his accounts confused or muddled, and valuable only because he preserves information from lost histories.

It is clear that Photius and Evagrius had not more of the work than we have.

* September – Patriarch Photius I of Constantinople is removed from office and banished ; Ignatius is patriarch of Constantinople once again.

* The Fourth Council of Constantinople ( Roman Catholic ) ( October 5 869 – February 28 870 ) is called to decide action regarding Patriarch Photius of Constantinople.

Of the two histories, we possess abridgments by Photius, and fragments are preserved in Athenaeus, Plutarch and especially Diodorus Siculus, whose second book is mainly from Ctesias.

Further information is contained in the excerpts from Ctesias by Photius ; Plutarch ’ s lives of Artaxerxes II and Lysander ; also Thucydides ' History of Peloponnesian War.

He is referred to in the works of Aristotle, Stobaeus, Strabo, Hesychius, Photius, and Theano.

The first mention of the work is by Photius.

At the conclusion of his On the Erythraean Sea, he apologizes for being unable to complete his work " since our age is unable to similarly bear the toil " and " as a result of the disturbances in Egypt " he could no longer access the official records ( a fragment cited by Photius in his Bibliotheca Cod.

The style of Choricius is praised by Photius as pure and elegant, but he is censured for lack of naturalness.

This view is supported by a remark of Agatharchides in Photius ( cod.

Very little is known about him as none of his works have survived, though he has been mentioned and discussed in detail by Photius ( in his Myriobiblion ) and Sextus Empiricus, and also to a lesser extent by Diogenes Laertius and Philo of Alexandria.

This is confirmed by the eighty orations of his which are still extant, and which were the only ones known in the time of Photius.