Estonian belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic languages, along with Finnish, Karelian, and other nearby languages.

The Kalevala () is a 19th-century work of epic poetry compiled by Elias Lönnrot from Finnish and Karelian oral folklore and mythology.

Republic of Karelia | Karelian poem singing brothers Poavila and Triihvo Jamanen reciting traditional Finnish folk poetry, Russia, 1894.

The Soviets demanded territories on the Karelian Isthmus, the islands of the Gulf of Finland and a military base near the Finnish capital Helsinki, which Finland rejected.

* February 1 – WWII: Winter War – Russian forces launch a major assault on Finnish troops occupying the Karelian Isthmus.

Despite Finnish resistance, a peace treaty was signed in March 1940, wherein Finland ceded some key territory to the Soviet Union, including the Karelian Isthmus, containing Finland's second-largest city, Viipuri, and the critical defensive structure of the Mannerheim Line.

The exceptional circumstances, such as the lack of a permanent place of residence for many Karelian refugees ( see Turtola, " Risto Ryti: A Life for the Fatherland " and Virkkunen, " The Finnish Presidents II "), prevented the election of presidential electors, so a constitutional amendment was enacted by the Parliament of Finland to enable the electors of 1937 to elect a successor to Kallio.

Finnish Karelian family, Evacuation of Finnish Karelia | evacuated from areas ceded to Soviet Union, toiling at their new homestead

Though Finland is not currently pursuing any measures to reclaim Karelian lands ceded to Russia, the " Karelian Question " is still a topic present in Finnish politics, but it has never been discussed officially.

The entire Karelian population of the ceded areas of about 422 thousand people was evacuated to other parts of Finland ( see Evacuation of Finnish Karelia ).

Finland initially regained the lost territory, reaching the Russian side of the border of 1939 and seen by the Russians as indirectly contributing to the Siege of Leningrad ( see Finnish reconquest of the Karelian Isthmus ( 1941 )).

In the northern part of Vsevolozhsky District, to the south of the old Finnish border, Karelian Fortified Region ( KaUR ) is located, which was reconstructed as late as in the 1960s, but now seems to be abandoned as well.

* The Karelian Isthmus is the name of the debut album of the Finnish band Amorphis.

He commanded the Finnish III Army Corps in the Winter War and from February 19, 1940 the Army of the Karelian Isthmus.

Karjalanpiirakat | Karelian pasty ( karjalanpiirakka ) is a traditional Finnish dish made from a thin rye crust with a filling of rice.

The Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic was set up on March 31, 1940 by merging the KASSR with the Finnish Democratic Republic ( created in territory ceded by Finland in the Winter War by the Moscow Peace Treaty, namely the Karelian Isthmus and Ladoga Karelia, including the cities of Viipuri and Sortavala ).

The airport is also the home of the Karelian Air Command and the 31st Squadron of the Finnish Air Force.

For the fricatives š, ž, and the affricate č only, the caron is used in the Finno-Lappic languages which use the Latin alphabet, such as Estonian, Finnish, Karelian and some Sami languages.

In Finnish and Estonian, it is limited to transcribing foreign names and loanwords ( albeit common loanwords such as šekki ' cheque '); the sounds ( and letters ) are native and common in Karelian and Sami.

Of the Uralic languages, Estonian ( and transcriptions to Finnish ) use Š / š and Ž / ž, and Karelian and some Sami languages use Č / č, Š / š and Ž / ž — Dž is not a separate letter.

) Č is present because it may be phonemically geminate: in Karelian, the phoneme ' čč ' is found, and is distinct from ' č ', which is not the case in Finnish or Estonian, where only one length is recognized for ' tš '.

( Incidentally, in transcriptions, the Finnish orthography has to employ complicated notations like mettšä or even the mettshä to express Karelian meččä.

Izhorian, along with Finnish, Karelian and Vepsian, belongs to the Northern Finnic group of the Uralic languages.

Some national languages like Finnish, Turkish, Serbo-Croatian ( Serbian, Croatian and Bosnian ) and Bulgarian have a very regular spelling system with a nearly one-to-one correspondence between letters and phonemes.

Finnic languages, such as Finnish and Estonian, have two cases to mark objects, the accusative and the partitive case.

Colonel Kari Renko, an engineer at the Finnish Air Force, was quoted by Helsingin Sanomat as saying about this failure, " The problem involves the rocket engines which have been in use for decades " and that Finland first was told of the problems by the Americans about two years ago.

Other languages also have a separate word for a full day, such as vuorokausi in Finnish, ööpäev in Estonian, dygn in Swedish, døgn in Danish, døgn in Norwegian, sólarhringur in Icelandic, etmaal in Dutch, doba in Polish, сутки ( sutki ) in Russian, суткі ( sutki ) in Belarusian, доба ́ ( doba ) in Ukrainian, денонощие in Bulgarian and יממה in Hebrew.

The Uralic languages, which include Hungarian, Finnish, and Estonian, also have a significant presence in Europe.

Whereas the current Finnish administration ( notably Jutta Urpilainen ) has been more hesitant towards the EU monetary policy than the previous ones, Eurobarometers and other polls have shown that among Finnish citizens, the opinion trend has been somewhat reversed during recent years.

Many of the coinages that have been considered ( often by Aavik himself ) as words concocted ex nihilo could well have been influenced by foreign lexical items, for example words from Russian, German, French, Finnish, English and Swedish.

Finns enjoy individual and political freedoms, and suffrage is universal at 18 ; Finnish women became the first in the world to have unrestricted rights both to vote and to stand for parliament.

In addition to preview by the Constitutional Law Committee, all Finnish courts of law have the obligation to give precedence to the constitution when there is an obvious conflict between the constitution and a regular law.

When compared with women of other nations, Finnish women, who accounted for just over 50 percent of the population in the mid1980s, did have a privileged place.

Henceforth any child born of a Finnish woman would have Finnish citizenship.

Studies of Finnish mobility patterns since World War II have confirmed the significance of this exodus.

Finnish troops have participated in UN peacekeeping activities since 1956, and the Finns continue to be one of the largest per capita contributors of peacekeepers in the world.

The Finnish Civil War would probably have started at that point had there been enough weapons in the country to arm the two sides ; instead, there began a race for weapons and a final escalation towards war.

" Shallow " orthographies such as those of standard Spanish and Finnish have relatively regular ( though not always one-to-one ) correspondence between graphemes and phonemes, while those of French and English have much less regular correspondence, and are known as deep orthographies.

Finnish and Estonian, among others, have a grammatical aspect contrast of telicity between telic and atelic.

The Finnish language is thought to have started to differentiate during the Iron Age starting from the 1st centuries AD onwards.

Artefacts found in Kalanti and the province of Satakunta, for long monolingually Finnish, and their place-names have made several scholars argue for an existence of a proto-Germanic speaking population component a little later, during the Early and Middle Iron Age.

However, it is unclear if these have anything to do with the present Finnish people.

It is not discernibly related to other North American or northeast Asian indigenous languages, although some have proposed that it is related to Uralic languages such as Finnish and Saami in the proposed Uralo-Siberian grouping, or even Indo-European languages as part of the hypothetical Nostratic superphylum.

His works have been translated into Belorussian, Bulgarian, Czech, Esperanto, Finnish, German, Hungarian, Russian and Slovenian.