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For a probability distribution, the mean is equal to the sum or integral over every possible value weighted by the probability of that value.
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For and probability
For him, " probability " means a higher chance of occurring, and brings about a higher degree of subjective expectation in the viewer.
* For the frequentist a hypothesis is a proposition ( which must be either true or false ), so that the frequentist probability of a hypothesis is either one or zero.
For objectivists, probability objectively measures the plausibility of propositions, i. e. the probability of a proposition corresponds to a reasonable belief everyone ( even a " robot ") sharing the same knowledge should share in accordance with the rules of Bayesian statistics, which can be justified by requirements of rationality and consistency.
For subjectivists probability corresponds to a ' personal belief '.
For example, Hacking writes " And neither the Dutch book argument, nor any other in the personalist arsenal of proofs of the probability axioms, entails the dynamic assumption.
For example, the probability that an alpha particle striking a beryllium target will produce a neutron can be expressed as the equivalent cross section of beryllium for this type of reaction.
For example, in a system where there is no queuing, the GoS may be that no more than 1 call in 100 is blocked ( i. e., rejected ) due to all circuits being in use ( a GoS of 0. 01 ), which becomes the target probability of call blocking, P < sub > b </ sub >, when using the Erlang B formula.
For example, if one flips a fair coin 21 times, then the probability of 21 heads is 1 in 2, 097, 152 ( above ).
For most types of hashing functions the choice of the function depends strongly on the nature of the input data, and their probability distribution in the intended application.
For any information rate R < C and coding error ε > 0, for large enough N, there exists a code of length N and rate ≥ R and a decoding algorithm, such that the maximal probability of block error is ≤ ε ; that is, it is always possible to transmit with arbitrarily small block error.
For instance, if a particle is in a state | ψ ⟩, the probability of finding it in a region of volume d < sup > 3 </ sup > x surrounding some position x is
For example, consider a model which gives the probability density function of observable random variable X as a function of a parameter θ.
For example, the result of a significance test depends on the probability of a result as extreme or more extreme than the observation, and that probability may depend on the design of the experiment.
For a discrete probability function f ( y ), let y < sub > i </ sub >, i = 1 to n, be the points with non-zero probabilities indexed in increasing order ( y < sub > i </ sub > < y < sub > i + 1 </ sub >).
For a probability density function f ( x ) with the cumulative distribution function F ( x ), the Lorenz curve L ( F ( x )) is given by:
For example, naive Bayes and linear discriminant analysis are joint probability models, whereas logistic regression is a conditional probability model.
For the special case where is a joint probability distribution and the loss function is the negative log likelihood a risk minimization algorithm is said to perform generative training, because can be regarded as a generative model that explains how the data were generated.
For calling to have a positive expectation, Alice must believe the probability of her opponent having a weak hand is over 40 percent.
For example, seven shuffles of a new deck leaves an 81 % probability of winning New Age Solitaire where the probability is 50 % with a uniform random deck ( Mann, especially section 10 ).
For and distribution
* For a normal distribution, the arithmetic mean is equal to both the median and the mode, other measures of central tendency.
For example, as in pin and as in spin are allophones for the phoneme in the English language because they cannot distinguish words ( in fact, they occur in complementary distribution ).
For most players, many calls ( bids, doubles and redoubles, and sometimes even passes ) are not made with the intention that they become the final contract, but to describe the strength and distribution of the player's hand, so that the partnership can reach an informed conclusion on their best contract, and / or to obstruct the opponents ' bidding.
For example, the traditional common law rule through most of the 19th century was that a plaintiff could not recover for a defendant's negligent production or distribution of a harmful instrumentality unless the two were in privity of contract.
For every real number x, the cumulative distribution function of a real-valued random variable X is given by
For example, the Riemann hypothesis is a conjecture from number theory that ( amongst other things ) makes predictions about the distribution of prime numbers.
For example, if n samples are taken from a Cauchy distribution, one may calculate the sample mean as:
For certain types of point sets, such as a uniform random distribution, by intelligently picking the splitting lines the expected time can be reduced to O ( n log log n ) while still maintaining worst-case performance.
For example, J. B. Clark saw the co-ordinating function in production and distribution as being served by entrepreneurs ; Frank Knight introduced managers who co-ordinate using their own money ( financial capital ) and the financial capital of others.
For example, the illegal manufacture, distribution or possession of controlled substances may be a felony, although possession of small amounts may be only a misdemeanor.
For the next two years, Hoover worked 14-hour days from London, administering the distribution of over two million tons of food to nine million war victims.
For instance, if we impose some requirements on a distribution f, we can attempt to translate these requirements in terms of the Fourier transform of f. The Paley – Wiener theorem is an example of this.
For a symmetric distribution ( where the median equals the midhinge, the average of the first and third quartiles ), half the IQR equals the median absolute deviation ( MAD ).
For some discussion of the subtleties of the Eötvös experiment, such as the local mass distribution around the experimental site ( including a quip about the mass of Eötvös himself ), see Franklin.
For easier distribution of large programs, multiple class files may be packaged together in a. jar file ( short for Java archive ).
For a cumulative distribution function F ( x ) with inverse x ( F ), the Lorenz curve L ( F ) is given by:
For a continuous charge distribution in motion, the Lorentz force equation becomes:
For some people, the obvious solution to this concern is to redefine the wage structure politically to achieve a socially preferable distribution of income.
For example, mainline churches, with their upper class congregations, " promote order, stability, and conservatism, and in so doing proved to be a powerful source of legitimation of the status quo and of existing disparities in the distribution of wealth and power " because much of the wealth of the church comes from the congregation.
For example, the Internet includes web sites, blogs, podcasts, and various other technologies built on top of the general distribution network.
For example, this map of Europe has been distorted to show population distribution, while the rough shape of the continent is still discernable.
For and mean
For the boy, this epiphysis was markedly delayed at Onset but near the mean at Completion.
For hotels with 1000 rooms, the increased license fee would mean an expense of $5000 a year, Goodis said.
For example, " biweekly " can mean " fortnightly " ( once every two weeks – 26 times a year ), or " twice a week " ( 104 times a year ).
For a particularly robust two-pass algorithm for computing the variance, first compute and subtract an estimate of the mean, and then use this algorithm on the residuals.
For example, there are more than six signs for birthday in ASL, just as in English one can say couch and sofa, or soda and pop, to mean the same thing.
For the late 19th century the music publishing industry found a market for what are often termed sentimental ballads, and these are the origin of the modern use of the term ballad to mean a slow love song.
For example, ' 30 ' was widely used in journalism to mean " end of story ", and has been used in other contexts to signify " the end ".
For some individuals, an obsessive compulsion to believe, prove, or re-tell a conspiracy theory may indicate one or a combination of well-understood psychological conditions, and other hypothetical ones: paranoia, denial, schizophrenia, mean world syndrome.
For clarity it should be stated that SDA understanding of Soul is not that of Calvin, by " soul " SDA theologians mean the physical person ( monism ), and that no component of human nature survives death, therefore each human will be " re_created " at resurrection.
For a certain class of Green functions coming from solutions of integral equations, Schmidt had shown that a property analogous to the Arzelà – Ascoli theorem held in the sense of mean convergence — or convergence in what would later be dubbed a Hilbert space.
Other, more precise and robust methods have been developed For example, the truncated mean of the middle 24 % of the sample order statistics produces an estimate for x < sub > 0 </ sub > that is more efficient than using either the sample median or the full sample mean.
For this reason, the task of orthodox Marxism, its victory over Revisionism and utopianism can never mean the defeat, once and for all, of false tendencies.
For example, Wielkanoc, Veľká noc, Velika noč and Velikonoce mean " Great Night " or " Great Nights " in Polish, Slovak, Slovenian and Czech, respectively.
For example, the B < sup > 0 </ sup > meson has a lifetime of 1. 530 ( 9 ) picoseconds, mean decay length is, or a decay width of.
For the Greeks Autokratōr was not a military title, and was closer to the Latin dictator concept (" the one with unlimited power "), before it came to mean Emperor.
For, the state may have the power to put a fatwā in effect, but that does not mean that the fatwā is to be religiously accepted by all.
For example, the geometric mean can give a meaningful " average " to compare two companies which are each rated at 0 to 5 for their environmental sustainability, and are rated at 0 to 100 for their financial viability.
For instance, the geometric mean of two numbers, say 2 and 8, is just the square root of their product ; that is.
For all positive data sets containing at least one pair of unequal values, the harmonic mean is always the least of the three means, while the arithmetic mean is always the greatest of the three and the geometric mean is always in between ( see Inequality of arithmetic and geometric means.
For example, the geometric mean of 2 and 8 can be calculated as:
0.288 seconds.