For an ideal single-mode Gaussian beam, the D4σ, D86 and 1 / e < sup > 2 </ sup > width measurements would give the same value.

For a Gaussian intensity ( i. e. power density, W / m < sup > 2 </ sup >) distribution in a single-mode optical fiber, the mode field diameter is that at which the electric and magnetic field strengths are reduced to 1 / e of their maximum values, i. e., the diameter at which power density is reduced to 1 / e < sup > 2 </ sup > of the maximum power density, because the power density is proportional to the square of the field strength.

For these reasons, single-mode fibers can have a higher bandwidth than multi-mode fibers.

For power-law profiles, single-mode operation occurs for a normalized frequency, V, less than approximately

For outdoor signs and displays, acrylic, with its outstanding optical characteristics, weather resistance and formability, strongly dominates the picture.

For the further discussion, we shall thus assume an electron optical resolution of 80 Af and phosphor screen resolution of 60 Af.

For general computer use access technology such as screen readers, screen magnifiers and refreshable Braille displays has been widely taken up along with standalone reading aids that integrate a scanner, optical character recognition ( OCR ) software, and speech software in a single machine.

For example, the SEA-ME-WE 3 optical submarine telecommunications cable lands at both Medan and Jakarta connecting Europe with South eastern Asia ( several countries up to Japan ) and Australia ( Perth ).

For real, passive, optical systems, the output luminance is at most equal to the input.

For similar reasons, a bodyguard with a holster-carried, concealed weapon is typically not able to mount accessories onto the weapon, such as optical sights or forward handgrips.

For example, the Giant Magellan Telescope will have seven 8. 4 meter primary mirrors, with the resolving power equivalent to a optical aperture.

For example, the stability of bulk matter ( which consists of atoms and molecules which would quickly collapse under electric forces alone ), the rigidity of solids, and the mechanical, thermal, chemical, optical and magnetic properties of matter are all results of the interaction of electric charges under the rules of quantum mechanics.

For optical applications, this is characterized by the index of refraction.

For many materials ( for instance, semiconductors ), electrons move quickly from a high energy level to a meta-stable level via small nonradiative transitions and then make the final move down to the bottom level via an optical or radiative transition.

For example, the term subwavelength-diameter optical fibre means an optical fibre whose diameter is less than the wavelength of light propagating through it.

For planetary rings, the optical depth is the proportion of light blocked by the ring when it lies between the source and the observer.

* For an optical cavity consisting of two mirrors, confocal means that they share their foci.

For the optical regime, see beam divergence.

For an optical fiber, the effective mode volume is the square of the product of the diameter of the near-field pattern and the sine of the radiation angle of the far-field pattern.

For both families, the lowest-order solution describes a Gaussian beam, while higher-order solutions describe higher-order transverse modes in an optical resonator.

: Note: For optical fiber dispersion measurement purposes, the quantity of interest is group delay per unit length, which is the reciprocal of the group velocity of a particular mode.

For an optical fiber, the optical axis is along the center of the fiber core, and is also known as the fiber axis.

For example, using a long pulse length, it may possible to measure attenuation over a distance of more than 100 km, however in this case an optical event may appear to be over 1 km long.

For optical fibers, a power-law index profile is an index of refraction profile characterized by

For an optical fiber or waveguide, a radiation mode or unbound mode is a mode which is not confined by the fiber core.

For the same reason, the output fiber plate is planoconcave, its exposed flat side permitting contact photography if a permanent record is desired.

For phosphor to fiber and fiber to air surfaces, and assuming Af, we obtain Af percent.

For instance, nanotubes form only a tiny portion of the material ( s ) in ( primarily carbon fiber ) baseball bats, golf clubs, or car parts.

For example, the fibers in carbon fiber materials and rebars in reinforced concrete are oriented to withstand tension.

For this migration, ISDN services will be retired, and fiber optic services are recommended as an alternative.

For example, both PNGinc and International Turbine And Power, LLC use carbon fiber discs in their Tesla turbine designs.

For these purposes, manufactured rubber fiber is made as either an extruded round fiber or rectangular fibers that are cut into strips from extruded film.

For step index fiber, light entering the fiber will be guided if it falls within the acceptance cone of the fiber, that is if it makes an angle with the fiber axis that is less than the acceptance angle,

For step-index multimode fiber, the acceptance angle is determined only by the indices of refraction of the core and the cladding:

For example, sending ones and zeros across a wire, fiber, etc.

For plastic-clad silica ( PCS ) fibers, which have a strippable polymer cladding ( not to be confused with the polymer overcoat of an all-silica fiber ), the reference surface may be the core.

For instance, the baseband model of the signal would require a lowpass filter with cutoff frequency of at least to stay intact, and the physical passband channel would require a passband filter of at least to stay intact.

For instance, it is commonly accepted now that the famous Gutenberg – Richter law decays more rapidly than a pure power-law tail because of a finite exponential cutoff in the upper tail.

For juniors in the United States, the lightweight cutoff for men is 160. 0 lb.

For fall regattas ( typically head races ), the lightweight cutoff for men is 165. 0 lb.

For instance, in the case of the Chebyshev filter it is usual to define the cutoff frequency as the point after the last peak in the frequency response at which the level has fallen to the design value of the passband ripple.

For a rectangular waveguide, the cutoff frequency is

For typical coaxial cables, the shield cutoff frequency is 600 ( RG-6A ) to 2, 000 Hz ( RG-58C ).

For example, if a Dirac delta impulse occurs exactly at a sampling point and is ideally lowpass-filtered ( with cutoff at the critical frequency ) per the Nyquist – Shannon sampling theorem, the resulting discrete-time signal will be a Kronecker delta function.

For example, with the urine concentration of hCG as a continuous value, a urine pregnancy test that measured 52 mIU / ml of hCG may show as " positive " with 50 mIU / ml as cutoff, but is in fact in an interval of uncertainty, which may be apparent only by knowing the original continuous value.

For lunar missions it was fired twice: first for the orbit insertion after second stage cutoff, and then for translunar injection ( TLI ).

For a real scalar field, we add an IR cutoff

For simplicity, assume that the cutoff frequency is equal to unity.

For safety reasons, JROTC M1903s are made permanently unable to fire by having a metal rod welded into the barrel, or having it filled with lead, soldering the bolt and welding the magazine cutoff switch in the ON position.

For a given waveguide size ( such as X-band ), there is a cutoff frequency, and microwave radiation with smaller frequencies ( longer wavelengths ) cannot be propagated through the waveguide.

For smaller values of n, the cutoff will be less sharp.

For the n-alcohols the cutoff occurs at a carbon chain length of about 13 and for the n-alkanes at a chain length of between 6 and 10, depending on the species.

For these fuses, the cutoff time defined as I ^ 2 * T, is measured in milliseconds or even seconds, rather than microseconds.

For this reason, some researchers prefer to think of cutoff frequency in terms of the response of particles to the field rather than as a property the field itself.

For example, when Ontario's Highway 416 had to pass through a quick clay deposit near Nepean, lighter fill materials such as polystyrene were used for the road bed, vertical wick drains were inserted along the route and groundwater cutoff walls were built under the highway to limit water runoff into the clay.

For simplicity, assume that the cutoff frequency is equal to unity.

For such filters, as the order increases, the ripple in both bands will decrease and the rate of cutoff will increase.

For an arbitrary cutoff r, the probability that the best applicant is selected is