For a statement of costs per kilowatt-hour would ignore the fact that many of these costs are not a function of kilowatt-hour output ( or consumption ) of energy.

For the same reason, the output fiber plate is planoconcave, its exposed flat side permitting contact photography if a permanent record is desired.

For output, the machine would have a printer, a curve plotter and a bell.

For example, an audio amplifier with a gain given as 20 dB will have a voltage gain of ten ( but a power gain of 100 would only occur in the event the input and output impedances were identical ).

For these amplifiers, the 1 dB compression point is defined as the input power ( or output power ) where the gain is 1 dB less than the small signal gain.

For example, in an automobile with cruise control the vehicle's speed is continuously monitored and fed back to the system which adjusts the motor's power output accordingly.

For clarity, commands and text typed by the user are in normal face, and output from ed is emphasized.

For example, a transconductance amplifier has a gain with units of conductance ( output current per input voltage ).

* For those who prefer low distortion figures, the use of tubes with class A ( generating little odd-harmonic distortion, as mentioned above ) together with symmetrical circuits ( such as push – pull output stages, or balanced low-level stages ) results in the cancellation of most of the even distortion harmonics, hence the removal of most of the distortion.

For example, if there are increasing returns to scale in some range of output levels, but the firm is so big in one or more input markets that increasing its purchases of an input drives up the input's per-unit cost, then the firm could have diseconomies of scale in that range of output levels.

For example, in the Austrian view — often shared by neoclassical and other " free market " economists — the primary factor of production is the time of the entrepreneur, which, when combined with other factors, determines the amount of output of a particular good or service.

For example, due to its large input resistance and low output resistance, it is effective as a buffer in common-drain ( source follower ) configuration.

For example, thyroid-stimulating hormone ( TSH ) causes growth and increased activity of another endocrine gland, the thyroid, which increases output of thyroid hormones.

For instance, suppose that each input is an integer z in the range 0 to N − 1, and the output must be an integer h in the range 0 to n − 1, where N is much larger than n. Then the hash function could be h

For these, the contestants have to submit an output file instead of a program, and it is up to them whether they obtain the output files by writing a program ( possibly exploiting special characteristics of the input ), or by hand, or by a combination of these means.

For internal combustion engines in the form of jet engines, the power output varies drastically with airspeed and a less variable measure is used: thrust specific fuel consumption ( TSFC ), which is the number of pounds of propellant needed to generate impulses that measure a pound force-hour.

For instance, we can write a program to copy an entire input file to output in a single line:

For more information see measures of national income and output.

For simple systems, where the interrupts were not used, it is possible to find cases where this pin is used as an additional single-bit output port ( the popular Radio86RK computer made in the former Soviet Union, for instance ).

For example, a keyframe may be output once for each 10 seconds of video, even though the video image does not change enough visually to warrant the automatic creation of the keyframe.

For example, suppose a process commands that a computer card's voltage output be set high-low-high-low and so on at a rate of 1000 Hz.

For real, passive, optical systems, the output luminance is at most equal to the input.

For example, if one were to run their video signal through a VCR before the television, some VCRs will output a ruined signal regardless of whether it is recording.

For a small signal analysis, every non-linear element can be linearized around its operation point to obtain the small-signal estimate of the voltages and currents.

For either enhancement-or depletion-mode devices, at drain-to-source voltages much less than gate-to-source voltages, changing the gate voltage will alter the channel resistance, and drain current will be proportional to drain voltage ( referenced to source voltage ).

For discharge voltages of 300 V, the ions reach speeds of around 15 km / s for a specific impulse of 1, 500 seconds ( 15 kN · s / kg ).

For the transmission of single-phase electric power as used for railway electrification systems, two conductors are used to carry in-phase and out-of-phase voltages such that the line is balanced.

For a voltage signal, for example, the ratio of the squares of the RMS voltages is equivalent to the power ratio:

For sinusoid currents and voltages at the same frequency, reactive power in vars is the product of the RMS voltage and current, or the apparent power, multiplied by the sine of the phase angle between the voltage and the current.

For read-out, a voltage intermediate between the possible threshold voltages is applied to the CG, and the MOSFET channel's conductivity tested ( if it's conducting or insulating ), which is influenced by the FG.

For higher voltages ( above 500 V ), MHV and SHV connectors are typically used.

A Li-Polymer battery with a hard case is most popular for RC cars, with the most common voltages being 7. 4 V or 11. 1 V. For nitro-powered vehicles, a glow plug heater and fuel are needed to start the engine, as well as 4 AA size batteries, or a rechargeable 6-volt 5-cell battery pack to power the onboard electronics.

For acceleration of the ions to a sufficient velocity for creating free electrons from the cathode material, cold cathode discharge lamps need higher voltages than hot cathode ones, causing a strong electric field near the cathodes.

For optimum or minimum load the respective frequencies and voltages get changed.

For a list of voltages, frequencies, and wall plugs by country, see Mains electricity by country

For two conductances and in series the current through them will be the same and Kirchhoff's Voltage Law tells us that the voltage across them is the sum of the voltages across each conductance, that is,

For higher voltages, gas-insulated switchgear reduces the space required around live bus.

For example, a simple power regulation circuit's output tends to sag when there is a heavy load ( that is, high output power ) and vacuum tubes usually lose gain factors with lower power voltages.

For example, to be rated for short-term voltages of 3. 75 kV and transients of 1 kV / μs, the clear polyimide sheet in the Avago ASSR-300 series is only 0. 08 mm thick.

For example, an op-amp is designed to behave like a linear amplifier, as long as its input voltages remain within certain limits.

* For equipment powered by 12-volt car batteries ( all have 12. 6 volt heater, screen and plate voltages )

For this reason this type of mirror also is called a wide-swing current mirror, because it allows the output voltage to swing low compared to other types of mirror that achieve a large R < sub > out </ sub > only at the expense of large compliance voltages.

( For very large applied voltages also field electron emission can occur.

For these reasons, electrical substations exist throughout power grids to convert power to higher voltages before transmission and to lower voltages suitable for appliances after transmission.

The common static electric sparks seen under low-humidity conditions always involve voltage well above 700 V. For example, sparks to car doors in winter can involve voltages as high as 20, 000 V. Also, physics demonstration devices such as Van de Graaff generators and Wimshurst machines can produce voltages approaching one million volts, yet at worst they deliver a brief sting.