For a sinusoidal component of exactly half the sampling frequency, the component will in general alias to another sinusoid of the same frequency, but with a different phase and amplitude.

For the common case of a steady sinusoid, the s parameter is taken to be, corresponding to a complex sinusoid.

For example, one tone might consist of a sinusoid at 440 Hz, accompanied by sinusoid at the higher octaves ( 880 Hz, 1760 Hz, etc.

For example, the electric currents in electrolytes are flows of positively and negatively charged ions.

For alternating currents, especially at higher frequencies, skin effect causes the current to spread unevenly across the conductor cross-section, with higher density near the surface, thus increasing the apparent resistance.

For a small signal analysis, every non-linear element can be linearized around its operation point to obtain the small-signal estimate of the voltages and currents.

For example, in the solar wind together with ionized hydrogen, the particles interact with the Earth's magnetosphere giving rise to Birkeland currents and the aurora.

For instance, all superconductors have exactly zero resistivity to low applied currents when there is no magnetic field present or if the applied field does not exceed a critical value.

For small power and signal transformers, in which currents are low and the potential difference between adjacent turns is small, the coils are often wound from enamelled magnet wire, such as Formvar wire.

For this reason, when the human body comes in contact with high power RF currents it can cause superficial but serious burns called RF burns.

For underwater power cables, HVDC avoids the heavy currents required by the cable capacitance.

For centuries, tidal currents had made ocean travel particularly difficult and risky for the boats that were then available, and as such there had been very little, if any, naval contact between the peoples living in these continents.

For a uniformly magnetized cylindrical bar magnet, the net effect of the microscopic bound currents is to make the magnet behave as if there is a macroscopic sheet of electric current flowing around the surface, with local flow direction normal to the cylinder axis.

For example, a diode with a zener breakdown voltage of 3. 2 V will exhibit a voltage drop of very nearly 3. 2 V across a wide range of reverse currents.

For equal collector currents, this drawback translates to an increase in the dissipated power for the Darlington transistor over a single transistor.

For single loop railguns, these mission requirements require launch currents of a few million amperes, so a typical railgun power supply might be designed to deliver a launch current of 5 MA for a few milliseconds.

For example, bearing mounting, temperature, exposure to external environment, lubricant cleanliness and electrical currents through bearings etc.

For output voltages not provided by standard fixed regulators and load currents of less than 7 amperes, commonly available " adjustable " three-terminal linear regulators may be used.

For example, members of the family Porcellanasteridae employ additional sieve-like organs which occur among their lateral plate series and which are thought to generate currents in the burrows made by these infaunal starfish.

For these currents to be induced, the speed of the physical rotor must be lower than that of the stator's rotating magnetic field (), or the magnetic field would not be moving relative to the rotor conductors and no currents would be induced.

For these reasons, in the region very close to currents and charge-separations, the EM field is dominated by electric and magnetic components produced directly by currents and charge-separations, and these effects together produce the EM " near field.

For each logic family, typically a " standard " input is defined by the manufacturer with maximum input currents at each logic level, and the fan-out for an output is computed as the number of these standard inputs that can be driven in the worst case.

" For a finite-size system to persist in time ( to live ), it must evolve in such a way that it provides easier access to the imposed currents that flow through it.

The constructal law was stated by Bejan in 1996 as follows: " For a finite-size system to persist in time ( to live ), it must evolve in such a way that it provides easier access to the imposed currents that flow through it.

For example, some rural installations can offset line losses and charging currents with local solar power, wind power, small hydro or other local generation.

For either enhancement-or depletion-mode devices, at drain-to-source voltages much less than gate-to-source voltages, changing the gate voltage will alter the channel resistance, and drain current will be proportional to drain voltage ( referenced to source voltage ).

For discharge voltages of 300 V, the ions reach speeds of around 15 km / s for a specific impulse of 1, 500 seconds ( 15 kN · s / kg ).

For the transmission of single-phase electric power as used for railway electrification systems, two conductors are used to carry in-phase and out-of-phase voltages such that the line is balanced.

For a voltage signal, for example, the ratio of the squares of the RMS voltages is equivalent to the power ratio:

For read-out, a voltage intermediate between the possible threshold voltages is applied to the CG, and the MOSFET channel's conductivity tested ( if it's conducting or insulating ), which is influenced by the FG.

For higher voltages ( above 500 V ), MHV and SHV connectors are typically used.

A Li-Polymer battery with a hard case is most popular for RC cars, with the most common voltages being 7. 4 V or 11. 1 V. For nitro-powered vehicles, a glow plug heater and fuel are needed to start the engine, as well as 4 AA size batteries, or a rechargeable 6-volt 5-cell battery pack to power the onboard electronics.

For acceleration of the ions to a sufficient velocity for creating free electrons from the cathode material, cold cathode discharge lamps need higher voltages than hot cathode ones, causing a strong electric field near the cathodes.

For optimum or minimum load the respective frequencies and voltages get changed.

For a list of voltages, frequencies, and wall plugs by country, see Mains electricity by country

For two conductances and in series the current through them will be the same and Kirchhoff's Voltage Law tells us that the voltage across them is the sum of the voltages across each conductance, that is,

For higher voltages, gas-insulated switchgear reduces the space required around live bus.

For example, a simple power regulation circuit's output tends to sag when there is a heavy load ( that is, high output power ) and vacuum tubes usually lose gain factors with lower power voltages.

For example, to be rated for short-term voltages of 3. 75 kV and transients of 1 kV / μs, the clear polyimide sheet in the Avago ASSR-300 series is only 0. 08 mm thick.

For example, an op-amp is designed to behave like a linear amplifier, as long as its input voltages remain within certain limits.

* For equipment powered by 12-volt car batteries ( all have 12. 6 volt heater, screen and plate voltages )

For this reason this type of mirror also is called a wide-swing current mirror, because it allows the output voltage to swing low compared to other types of mirror that achieve a large R < sub > out </ sub > only at the expense of large compliance voltages.

( For very large applied voltages also field electron emission can occur.

For these reasons, electrical substations exist throughout power grids to convert power to higher voltages before transmission and to lower voltages suitable for appliances after transmission.

The common static electric sparks seen under low-humidity conditions always involve voltage well above 700 V. For example, sparks to car doors in winter can involve voltages as high as 20, 000 V. Also, physics demonstration devices such as Van de Graaff generators and Wimshurst machines can produce voltages approaching one million volts, yet at worst they deliver a brief sting.