For him, " probability " means a higher chance of occurring, and brings about a higher degree of subjective expectation in the viewer.

* For the frequentist a hypothesis is a proposition ( which must be either true or false ), so that the frequentist probability of a hypothesis is either one or zero.

For objectivists, probability objectively measures the plausibility of propositions, i. e. the probability of a proposition corresponds to a reasonable belief everyone ( even a " robot ") sharing the same knowledge should share in accordance with the rules of Bayesian statistics, which can be justified by requirements of rationality and consistency.

For subjectivists probability corresponds to a ' personal belief '.

For example, Hacking writes " And neither the Dutch book argument, nor any other in the personalist arsenal of proofs of the probability axioms, entails the dynamic assumption.

For example, the probability that an alpha particle striking a beryllium target will produce a neutron can be expressed as the equivalent cross section of beryllium for this type of reaction.

For example, in a system where there is no queuing, the GoS may be that no more than 1 call in 100 is blocked ( i. e., rejected ) due to all circuits being in use ( a GoS of 0. 01 ), which becomes the target probability of call blocking, P < sub > b </ sub >, when using the Erlang B formula.

For example, if one flips a fair coin 21 times, then the probability of 21 heads is 1 in 2, 097, 152 ( above ).

For most types of hashing functions the choice of the function depends strongly on the nature of the input data, and their probability distribution in the intended application.

For any information rate R < C and coding error ε > 0, for large enough N, there exists a code of length N and rate ≥ R and a decoding algorithm, such that the maximal probability of block error is ≤ ε ; that is, it is always possible to transmit with arbitrarily small block error.

For instance, if a particle is in a state | ψ ⟩, the probability of finding it in a region of volume d < sup > 3 </ sup > x surrounding some position x is

For example, consider a model which gives the probability density function of observable random variable X as a function of a parameter θ.

For example, the result of a significance test depends on the probability of a result as extreme or more extreme than the observation, and that probability may depend on the design of the experiment.

For a discrete probability function f ( y ), let y < sub > i </ sub >, i = 1 to n, be the points with non-zero probabilities indexed in increasing order ( y < sub > i </ sub > < y < sub > i + 1 </ sub >).

For a probability density function f ( x ) with the cumulative distribution function F ( x ), the Lorenz curve L ( F ( x )) is given by:

For a probability distribution, the mean is equal to the sum or integral over every possible value weighted by the probability of that value.

For example, naive Bayes and linear discriminant analysis are joint probability models, whereas logistic regression is a conditional probability model.

For the special case where is a joint probability distribution and the loss function is the negative log likelihood a risk minimization algorithm is said to perform generative training, because can be regarded as a generative model that explains how the data were generated.

For calling to have a positive expectation, Alice must believe the probability of her opponent having a weak hand is over 40 percent.

For example, seven shuffles of a new deck leaves an 81 % probability of winning New Age Solitaire where the probability is 50 % with a uniform random deck ( Mann, especially section 10 ).

For example, if you are a reasonably well-adjusted person, there are certain ways that are reasonable and appropriate for addressing your mother.

For certain models of ZF ¬ C, it is possible to prove the negation of some standard facts.

For a reader to assign the title of author upon any written work is to attribute certain standards upon the text which, for Foucault, are working in conjunction with the idea of " the author function ".

For example, the term is used to describe systems such as verlan and louchébem, which retain French syntax and apply transformations only to individual words ( and often only to a certain subset of words, such as nouns, or semantic content words ).

For example, the antiparticle of the electron is the positively charged antielectron, or positron, which is produced naturally in certain types of radioactive decay.

For example, a certain landowner might have been said to own 32, 000 acres of land, not 50 square miles of land.

For example, PAC expression in certain neurons has been shown to alter the grooming behavior in fruit flies exposed to blue light.

For example, in the presence of H < sub > 2 </ sub > O < sub > 2 </ sub > formed by the eosinophil, and either chloride or bromide ions, eosinophil peroxidase provides a potent mechanism by which eosinophils kill multicellular parasites ( such as, for example, the nematode worms involved in filariasis ); and also certain bacteria ( such as tuberculosis bacteria ).

For example, a certain hitter's ability to hit left-handed pitchers might incline a manager to increase his opportunities to face left-handed pitchers.

For private households, it is argued to be insufficient to merely dismiss debts after a certain period.

For the duration of their bankruptcy, all bankrupts have certain restrictions placed upon them under the Act.

For him and for certain other members of the Chilean elite, the initiative for temporary self-rule quickly escalated into a campaign for permanent independence, although other Criollos remained loyal to Spain.

For example, certain activities of the House Un-American Activities Committee may be considered to have been an official attempt to promote a conspiracy theory, yet its claims are seldom referred to as such.

For international banks, including the 55 member central banks of the Bank for International Settlements, the threshold is 8 % ( see the Basel Capital Accords ) of risk-adjusted assets, whereby certain assets ( such as government bonds ) are considered to have lower risk and are either partially or fully excluded from total assets for the purposes of calculating capital adequacy.

For example, Robert Nozick holds that a certain set of minimal rules, which he calls " side-constraints ", are necessary to ensure appropriate actions.

For example: as cultures change and the political environment shifts, societies may criminalise or decriminalise certain behaviours, which directly affects the statistical crime rates, influence the allocation of resources for the enforcement of laws, and ( re -) influence the general public opinion.

For a certain class of Green functions coming from solutions of integral equations, Schmidt had shown that a property analogous to the Arzelà – Ascoli theorem held in the sense of mean convergence — or convergence in what would later be dubbed a Hilbert space.

For instance, the Collatz conjecture, which concerns whether or not certain sequences of integers terminate, has been tested for all integers up to 1. 2 × 10 < sup > 12 </ sup > ( over a trillion ).

" For classical liberalism, rights are of a negative nature — rights that require that other individuals ( and governments ) refrain from interfering with individual liberty, whereas social liberalism ( also called modern liberalism or welfare liberalism ) holds that individuals have a right to be provided with certain benefits or services by others.

For example, the view that numbers are Platonic objects was revived by Kurt Gödel as a result of certain puzzles that he took to arise from the phenomenological accounts.

For him, the sense of an expression in language describes a certain state of affairs in the world, namely, the way that some object is presented.

For example, there are certain statutory exceptions.

For strictly observant Jews, being " chosen " fundamentally means that it was God's wish that a group of people would exist in a covenant, and would be bound to obey a certain set of laws as a duty of their covenant, and that the Children of Israel chose to enter into this covenant with God.

For certain genetic strains of cholera, such as the one present during the 2010 epidemic in Haiti and the 2004 outbreak in India, death can occur within two hours of becoming ill.

For certain periods between the 17th century and 1959, the Dalai Lamas sometimes directed the Tibetan government, which administered portions of Tibet from Lhasa.