", Michel Foucault proposed a concept of critique based on Kant's distinction between " private " and " public " uses of reason.

A MEMS gyroscope takes the idea of the Foucault pendulum and uses a vibrating element, known as a MEMS ( Micro Electro-Mechanical System ).

" In his work, The Archaeology of Knowledge, Foucault uses the example of a book to illustrate a node within a network.

The Foucault test is in use to this date, most notably by amateur and smaller commercial telescope makers as it is inexpensive and uses simple, easily made equipment.

* 1851 – Léon Foucault uses Foucault pendulum is to demonstrate the rotation of the earth

Instead, Foucault looks at the critical tools of using one's own reason, and how disputing Kant's other arguments only serves to reinforce the value of Sapere Aude ( Foucault uses the term critical ontology as a synonym for his concept ) with a sort of faithful betrayal.

To fully understand this concept, it is important to realize that in this case, Foucault does not only use the standard, strictly political definition of " governing " or government used today, but he also uses the broader definition of governing or government that was employed until the eighteenth century.

Foucault also uses examples from Jorge Luis Borges, an important direct influence on many postmodernist fiction writers.

With the concept of " biopower ", which first appears in courses concerning the discourse of " race struggle "( Society Must Be Defended 1975-1976 courses ), Foucault uses terms such as mechanism, dispositif, apparatus, Discourse, Genealogy in order to get us to think ( and write about ) of this version of power as continuous, penetrable, observable as opposed to the classical argument seeing man as :" inherent primate disposition for hierarchical social and authoritarian political systems. With a predisposition for social and political hierarchical structures.

Here at least explains, from the Classical viewpoint, its approximate method with a large amount of traditional rationality for its oeuvre heavily reliant on tradition to make conclusions ' as final decisions ' towards conclusions. Foucault uses a rather unusual method involving oeuvre de la obscure meaning the ' obscure ' is seen as the building block for human rationality functioning as norms which become familiar to people, giving the uninformed their ' view ' and ' truth ' of the world. The uninformed means the uninformed who have no direct access to policy decision making therefore condemning those who work into a continuous comatose ignorance producing this network of power systems creating what Marx called ' labour power ' which recreate and recycle a functioning society ( comparable to a living breathing organism ) and the population of producers who have no monetary resources and ownership of capital wealth ; ownership of mines, banks, transportation equipment and machinery, such as aeroplanes car manufacturers and industry and therefore are confined to the bottom of the hiercharchical pyramid, producing the problematization of a society comparable to Ants or Bees which inform evolutionary biology, for example of human nature. While inaccurate and now known to be scientifically flawed, nevertheless it remains ' true ' from the classical perspective as opposed to the working population who are not uneducated or illiterate a wall which can be pieced.

Foucault then develops a holistic account of power and uses methods not too dissimilar to the astonishing and outstanding Medieval Islamic polymaths scholars Alhazen, Ibn Sīnā, and Ibn Khaldūn and to a lesser extant prominent science figures from 20th century science such as ; Gregory Bateson, James Lovelock ( the founder of Gaia hypothesis ) and Robert N. Proctor ( Proctor who coined the term Agnotology ) and urges us to think outside the box of this new kind of power, therefore, opening up the possibilities of further investigations into this new perceived, impenetrable nature of biopower and according to Foucault he asks us to remember, this type of power is never neutral nor is it independent from the rest of society but are embedded within society functioning as embellished ' control technology ' specifics. Foucault argues ; nation states, police, government, legal practices, human sciences and medical institutions have their own rationale, cause and effects, strategies, technologies, mechanisms and codes and have managed successfully in the past to obscure there workings by hiding behind observation and scrutiny.

In contemporary US political science studies, usage of the term is mostly divided between a post-modernist group using the meaning assigned by Michel Foucault ( denoting social and political power over life ) and another group who uses it to denote studies relating biology and political science.

# Drop the Apple-At the Smithsonian, we learn of electric crystals that help Pierre and Marie Curie discover what they call radium, and then Langevin uses the piezo-electric crystal to develop sonar that helps save liberty ships ( from German U-boats ) put together with welding techniques using acetylene made with carbon arcs, also working the arc lights with clockwork regulators built by Foucault, whose pendulum helps him to take pictures of solar eclipses.

In developing the theory of archaeology of knowledge, Foucault was trying to analyse the fundamental codes which a culture uses to construct the episteme or configuration of knowledge that determines the empirical orders and social practices of each particular historical era.

Many of today's academics that employ the term, cultural imperialism, are heavily informed by the work of Foucault, Derrida, Said, and other poststructrualist and postcolonialist theorists.

Often, the term " critical theory " is appropriated when an author ( perhaps most notably Michel Foucault ) works within sociological terms yet attacks the social or human sciences ( thus attempting to remain " outside " those frames of enquiry ).

In their different and radically contrasting ways, MacIntyre and Foucault go well beyond the original Kantian meaning of the term critique in contesting legitimatory accounts of social power.

The contemporary philosopher Michel Foucault used the term épisteme in a highly specialized sense in his work The Order of Things to mean the historical a priori that grounds knowledge and its discourses and thus represents the condition of their possibility within a particular epoch.

This reflects that the term government to Foucault meant not so much the political or administrative structures of the modern state as the way in which the conduct of individuals or of groups may be directed.

Ecogovernmentality, also spelled Eco-governmentality is a term used to denote the application of Foucault ’ s concepts of biopower and governmentality to the analysis of the regulation of social interactions with the natural world.

Delany takes the term heterotopia from the writings of philosopher Michel Foucault.

" Biopower " is a term coined by French scholar, historian, and social theorist Michel Foucault.

Foucault first used the term in his lecture courses at the Collège de France, but the term first appeared in print in The Will To Knowledge, Foucault's first volume of The History of Sexuality.

Although Michel Foucault is the name primarily associated with the concept of biopower and bio-politics, the term Biopolitics was in fact used tentatively in 1911 when the magazine The New Age published the article " Biopolitics " by G. W. Harris and then reused in 1938 by Morley Roberts ( 1857 – 1942 ) in his book Biopolitics.

Whether Foucault already knew about the term, or whether he thought it was brand new to him or his audience is unknown.

Foucault further notices that political economy had a new tool called statistics founded by the Physiocrats economists ( another term for scientific government ) and it is with François Quesnay that this process can be found the very notion of economic government.

Foucault traces this original practice to government practices of the Middle Ages, where the term government meant an entirely different definition as modern society knows it.

Foucault then further shows that raison d ' état wasn't much concerned with legality ( as we know the term ) but with political necessity ; politics is concerned with necessity and if necessary politics must become violent lending to coup d ' état ; this means that it is obliged to sacrifice, to sever, cause harm, and it is led to be unjust and murderous.

Whereas theorists such as Jeffrey C. Alexander openly appropriated the term, others, such as the post-structuralist philosopher Michel Foucault, have been categorized as contemporary functionalists by their critics.

The term has since paled in poststructuralist discourse, and usually carries a negative connotation insofar as it assumes a transcendental subjectivity which overly privileges a humanistic conception of Being ( see Michel Foucault, The Order of Things ).

Post-structuralists such as Michel Foucault and Jacques Derrida rejected structuralism's insistence on fixed meaning, its privileging of a meta-linguistic standpoint ; but continued all the more to problematize the human subject, favouring the term " the decentered subject " which implies the absence of human agency.

* Michel Foucault: Critiqued the modern conception of power on the basis of the prison complex and other prohibitive institutions, such as those that designate sexuality, madness and knowledge as the roots of their infrastructure, a critique which then demonstrated that subjection is the power formation of subjects in any linguistic forum and that revolution cannot just be thought as the reversal of power between classes.

Its motif is the concept of the medical regard ( translated by Alan Sheridan as " medical gaze "), traditionally limited to small, specialized institutions such as hospitals and prisons, but which Foucault examines as subjecting wider social spaces, governing the population en masse.

* Heterotopia ( space ), a concept of " other spaces " created by the philosopher Michel Foucault

In an appendix added to the 1972 edition of his History of Madness, Foucault disputed Derrida's interpretation of his work, and accused Derrida of practicing " a historically well-determined little pedagogy [...] which teaches the student that there is nothing outside the text [...].

Parabolic mirror showing Foucault shadow patterns made by knife edge inside radius of curvature R ( red X ), at R and outside R.

Together, they operated a " return to cinema " for the magazine and also invited thinkers from outside the field of cinema: Michel Foucault, Jacques Rancière and Gilles Deleuze.

This is a slight point to make but a valid one when considering that he was effectively the ' master of the archive ' and was brilliant at excavating ' obscure material ' Foucault concentrates more on neo-liberalism's political justification for state existence, rather than Skinner's techniques on controlling human behavior through controlling the mind Manuel Castells while operating in the field of social science dares to venture outside the limited field of social science which he noticed in his brilliant work Communication Power where

For Foucault this was no mere coincidence, since the 19th century, civil society has always been referred to in political philosophy discourse as a fixed reality, which according to this theory, was outside of government or the state or state apparatuses or institutions.

It became particularly notorious for its radical philosophy department, assembled and then headed by Michel Foucault, who in this stage of his career was at his most militant, on one occasion participating in a student occupation and pelting the police outside the building with projectiles.

Other thinkers outside anarchism that have taken relevance in post-left anarchy writings include Charles Fourier, the Frankfurt School, Friedrich Nietzsche, Michel Foucault, and anthropologists such as Marshall Sahlins.