* 1806 – Francis II, the last Holy Roman Emperor, abdicates ending the Holy Roman Empire.

Alfonso was the son of Queen Isabella II of Spain, and allegedly, of her husband and King Consort, Francis, Duke of Cádiz.

Thus, there was seen a need for a new law that would ensure the continuance of the succession following the death of the last legal heir under the Bill of Rights, being Princess Anne, guaranteeing the line of succession would continue in the Protestant line, and excluding any possible claims by the deposed James II or his son and daughter, James Francis Edward and Louisa Maria Teresa Stuart.

* 1804 – Francis II assumes the title of first Emperor of Austria.

Due, however, to their satiric and overtly liberal political inclinations, both operas were seen as unsuitable for public performance in the politically reactive cultures of Leopold II and later Francis II.

He was also the younger brother of Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor.

In 1806 Francis II ( now Francis I of Austria ) named the Archduke Charles, already a field marshal, as Commander in Chief of the Austrian army and Head of the Council of War.

** Francis II ( 1559 – 1560 )

** Francis II ( 1859 – 1860 )

** Francis II ( 1458 – 1488 )

* Francis II ( 1559 – 1560 )

The music was written by Joseph Haydn in 1797 as an anthem for the birthday of the Austrian Emperor Francis II of the Holy Roman Empire.

The song was a birthday anthem to Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor of the House of Habsburg.

His grandfather, Thomas Francis, founder of the Carignano line of the House of Savoy, was the son of Catherine Michelle – a daughter of Philip II of Spain – and the great-grandson of the Emperor Charles V. But of more immediate consequence to Leopold I was the fact that Eugene was the second cousin of Victor Amadeus, the Duke of Savoy, a connection that the Emperor hoped might prove useful in any future confrontation with France.

Of equal alarm was Francis II Rákóczi's revolt which, by the end of the year, had reached as far as Moravia and Lower Austria.

The first Austrian Emperor was the last Holy Roman Emperor Francis II.

With the size of his imperial realm significantly reduced, Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor became Francis I, Emperor of Austria.

Meanwhile, Sir Francis Drake had undertaken a major voyage against Spanish ports and ships to the Caribbean in 1585 and 1586, and in 1587 had made a successful raid on Cadiz, destroying the Spanish fleet of war ships intended for the Enterprise of England: Philip II had decided to take the war to England.

Admiral of the Fleet Louis Francis Albert Victor Nicholas George Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma ( born Prince Louis of Battenberg ; 25 June 1900 – 27 August 1979 ), was a British statesman and naval officer, an uncle of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh and second cousin once removed to Elizabeth II.

Francis II may refer to:

* Francis II, Duke of Brittany ( 1433 – 1488 )

* Francis II of France ( 1544 – 1560 )

As these elite French cavalry attacked, they were faced by five English squadrons under Colonel Francis Palmes.

* 1640 – John Francis Regis, French saint ( b. 1597 )

* 1873 – Francis Garnier, French explorer ( b. 1839 )

In 1538, King Francis I of France threatened Edmund Bonner — Henry VIII's Ambassador to the French court and later Bishop — with a hundred strokes of the halberd as punishment for Bonner's " insolent behaviour ".

By 1569, relations with the Habsburgs had deteriorated, and Elizabeth considered marriage to two French Valois princes in turn, first Henry, Duke of Anjou, and later, from 1572 to 1581, his brother Francis, Duke of Anjou, formerly Duke of Alençon.

Conversely, French directors have had prolific and influential careers in other countries, such as Luc Besson, Jacques Tourneur, or Francis Veber in the United States.

Francis essentially became a vassal of the Emperor of the French.

The Congress was a personal triumph for Francis, where he hosted the assorted dignitaries in comfort, though Francis undermined his allies Tsar Alexander and Frederick William III of Prussia by negotiating a secret treaty with the restored French king Louis XVIII.

The violent events of the French Revolution impressed themselves deeply into the mind of Francis ( as well as all other European monarchs ), and he came to distrust radicalism in any form.

In 1708 James Francis Edward Stuart, who became known as " The Old Pretender ," attempted an invasion with a French fleet, but the Royal Navy prevented any from landing.

The true forerunner of human rights discourse was the concept of natural rights which appeared as part of the medieval Natural law tradition that became prominent during the Enlightenment with such philosophers as John Locke, Francis Hutcheson, and Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui, and featured prominently in the political discourse of the American Revolution and the French Revolution.

Renewed Catholic reaction – headed by the powerful Francis, Duke of Guise – led to a massacre of Huguenots at Vassy in 1562, starting the first of the French Wars of Religion, during which English, German, and Spanish forces intervened on the side of rival Protestant and Catholic forces.

* 1534 – French explorer Jacques Cartier plants a cross on the Gaspé Peninsula and takes possession of the territory in the name of Francis I of France.

* 1899 – Francis Poulenc, French composer ( d. 1963 )

* 1937 – Francis Veber, French director and screenwriter

In the 14th century, Charles V converted the building into a residence and in 1546, Francis I ( François 1er ) renovated the site in French Renaissance style.

* Togoland was split into British Togoland ( under an Administrator, a post filled by the colonial Governor of the British Gold Coast ( present Ghana ) except 30 September 1920 – 11 October 1923 Francis Walter Fillon Jackson ) and French Togoland ( under a Commissioner ) ( United Kingdom and France ), 20 July 1922 separate Mandates, transformed on 13 December 1946 into United Nations trust territories, French Togo Associated Territory ( under a Commissioner till 30 August 1956, then under a High Commissioner as Autonomous Republic of Togo ) and British Togoland ( as before ; on 13 December 1956 it ceased to exist as it became part of Ghana )

Cardinal Wolsey, Henry's chief adviser, then resumed marriage negotiations with the French, and Henry suggested that Mary marry the Dauphin's father, King Francis I himself, who was eager for an alliance with England.

The Ottoman Sultan, who favored the French, allowed them to establish an orphanage, the Society of Saint Francis de Sale.

* 1953 – Francis Cabrel, French singer

First discovered in 1972 by French physicist Francis Perrin, they are collectively known as the Oklo Fossil Reactors.

The conquests of Nice ( 1543 ) and Corsica ( 1553 ) occurred on behalf of France as a joint venture between the forces of the French king Francis I and the Ottoman sultan Suleiman I, and were commanded by the Ottoman admirals Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha and Turgut Reis.

After Imperial German troops drove out the French, Maximilian Sforza, son of Ludovico, became Duke of Milan ( 1513-1515 ) until the French returned under Francis I of France and imprisoned him.