At times it was applied to various priests, e. g. at the court of the Frankish monarchy the Abbas palatinus (' of the palace ') and Abbas castrensis (' of the camp ') were chaplains to the Merovingian and Carolingian sovereigns ’ court and army respectively.

In 496, the Alamanni were conquered by Frankish leader Clovis and incorporated into his dominions.

The war of Clovis with the Alemanni forms the setting for the conversion of Clovis, briefly treated by Gregory of Tours ( Book II. 31 ) Subsequently the Alemanni formed part of the Frankish dominions and were governed by a Frankish duke.

In the mid-6th century, the Byzantine historian Agathias of Myrina records, in the context of the wars of the Goths and Franks against Byzantium, that the Alemanni fighting among the troops of Frankish king Theudebald were like the Franks in all respects except religion, since

These Saxons were tributaries to the Frankish King Sigebert, and their participation indicates that Alboin had the support of the Franks for his venture.

They were used by Frankish kings until they fell in disuse.

The Batavi were still mentioned in 355 during the reign of Constantius II ( 317-361 ), when their island was already dominated by the Salii, a Frankish tribe that had sought Roman protection there in 297 after having been expelled from their own country by the Saxons.

The German duchies to the east of the Rhine were de facto outside of Frankish suzerainty at this time.

The next six years were devoted in their entirety to assuring Frankish authority over the dependent Germanic tribes.

The Frankish bishops were not well disposed towards this stranger abbot, because of his ever-increasing influence, and at last they showed their hostility.

Another perspective on the marriage may be gained by considering that it is likely that Æthelberht was not yet king at the time he and Bertha were wed: it may be that Frankish support for him, acquired via the marriage, was instrumental in gaining the throne for him.

The original ethnic Franks ceased to be called by others and themselves Franks, whereas certain groups of people who were not Franks but were mostly ruled by Frankish nobility now began to use it as a term to describe their respective land and people.

After the Frankish triumphs over both tribes around 507 and 529 – 534, most parts were occupied by the Franks.

The two monks later canonized as Saints Cyril and Methodius, the brothers from Thessaloniki, were sent to Great Moravia in 862 by the Byzantine emperor at the request of Knyaz ( Duke ) Rastislav, who wanted to weaken the dependence of his country on East Frankish priests.

Regions of the Frankish Empire were placed under the control of autonomous dukes of mixed Frankish and native blood.

Authority over Austrasia passed back and forth from autonomy to kingly subjugation, as Frankish lands were alternately united and subdivided by the Merovingian kings.

Now the Frankish kings were set up as protectors of the pope, and Charles the Great launched a decades-long military campaign against their heathen rivals, the Saxons and the Avars.

Over time, the borders and numbers of Frankish kingdoms were fluid and changed frequently.

By this time Muslim invaders had conquered Hispania and were threatening the Frankish kingdoms.

The historian N. J. Higham offers another explanation for their attendance, arguing that Æthelberht sent the pair to the council because of shifts in Frankish policy towards the Kentish kingdom, which threatened Kentish independence, and that the two clergymen were sent to negotiate a compromise with Chlothar.

In October, the Khwarazmians, along with the Egyptian army under the command of Baibars, were met by the Frankish army, led by Philip of Montfort, Walter of Brienne, and the masters of the Templars, Hospitallers, and Teutonic Knights, along with al-Mansur and Dawud.

Michael refused, and the stand-off continued for over a year, until the arrival of the Frankish ambassador in Ravenna along with the Papal legates encouraged Michael ’ s opponents to overthrow him, and send him to Rome in chains.

Hethum strongly encouraged other Frankish rulers to follow his example and submit to Mongol suzerainty, but the only one who did so was Hethum's son-in-law, Bohemond VI of Antioch, who submitted around 1259.

In 1904 appeared the third volume, La Renaissance de l ' État, in which the author describes the efforts of the Direct Capetian kings to reconstruct the power of the Frankish kings over the whole of Gaul ; and goes on to show how the clergy, the heirs of the imperial tradition, encouraged this ambition ; how the great lords of the kingdom ( the " princes ", as Flach calls them ), whether as allies or foes, pursued the same end ; and how, before the close of the 12th century, the Capetian kings were in possession of the organs and the means of action which were to render them so powerful and bring about the early downfall of feudalism.

By remaining on the move, he cleverly avoided battles with large concentrations of heavy Frankish cavalry, while maximizing his advantages of mobility and the general climate of fear of Viking unpredictability.

Books I to IV recount the world's history from the Creation but move quickly to the Christianization of Gaul, the life and times of Saint Martin of Tours, the conversion of the Franks and the conquest of Gaul under Clovis, and the more detailed history of the Frankish kings down to the death of Sigebert in 575.

He was abbot of the monastery for forty years, during which the school of Luxeuil trained the Frankish aristocrats who became bishops in the Frankish kingdoms ; Waldebert oversaw the move of the monastery from the Rule of St. Columban to the Benedictine Rule, though in the rule he drew up for the convent of Faremoutiers he drew upon the rules of Columbanus as well as Benedict, but made no mention whatsoever of a ritual of either profession or oblation.

The city started to play a regional role as a major urban centre on the fringes of the newly founded Frankish Duchy of Vasconia.

The period of chaos in the 9th and 10th centuries, between the fall of the Carolingian central authority and the rise of separate Western and Eastern Frankish kingdoms ( later to become France and Germany respectively ), only entrenched this newly landed warrior class.

Contemporary sources, such as William of Tyre, discount the alleged infidelity of Melisende and instead point out that Fulk overly favoured newly arrived Frankish crusaders from Anjou over the native nobility of the kingdom.

First recorded as Durninum ( near / by thorns ) in a deed of gift from the Frankish Lord Herelaef to bishop Willibrord in 721, Deurne remained a collection of subsistence farming hamlets stretching ( North to South ) along the Peel peat moor until the 2nd half of the 19th century, when a newly built railroad ( Eindhoven-Venlo in 1866 ) and a canal ( Zuid-Willemsvaart canal in 1826 ) enabled the commercial exploitation of the moor.

While his reasons for leading a military expedition south remain unclear, it seems that he wanted to seal his newly secured grip on Burgundy, now threatened by Umayyad occupation of several cities lying in the lower Rhone, or maybe it provided the excuse he needed to intervene in this territory ruled by Gothic and Roman law, far off from the Frankish centre in the north of Gaul.

Built either by Guðfrið or by Harald Bluetooth ( if it is the work mentioned as newly made in the Frankish royal annals in 808, then Harald did not build it ) it stretched from the Rheide Å about 7 km to a southern extension of the Schlei bay which is now a lake called Selker Noor.

Around the year 500, after the collapse of the Roman Empire, Kreuznach was a royal village of the newly emerging Frankish Empire.

A possible reason for the willingness of the Franks to connect themselves with the Kentish court is the fact that a Frankish king, Chilperic I, is recorded as having conquered a people known as the Euthiones during the mid-sixth century.

He conquered Barcelona from the Muslims in 801 and asserted Frankish authority over Pamplona and the Basques south of the Pyrenees in 812.

In 774, the Kingdom was conquered by the Frankish King Charlemagne, and integrated into his Empire.

The Saxons long resisted both becoming Christians and being incorporated into the orbit of the Frankish kingdom, but they were decisively conquered by Charlemagne in a long series of annual campaigns, the Saxon Wars ( 772 – 804 ).

Clovis conquered the neighboring Salian Frankish kingdoms and established himself as sole king of the Salian Franks before his death.

The end of Lombard rule came in 774, when the Frankish king Charlemagne conquered Pavia and annexed the Kingdom of Italy ( mostly northern and central Italy ) to his empire.

After the East Frankish Carolingians became extinct with the death of Louis the Child in 911, Lotharingia once again attached itself to West Francia, but was conquered by the German king Henry the Fowler in 925.

Only the remaining Saxon realms, which he partly conquered, Lombardy, and the Marca Hispanica north of the Pyrenees were significant additions to the Frankish realms after his death.

Ayyubid Sultan Saladin had conquered most of the Frankish Kingdom of Jerusalem, including the ancient city itself, in 1187.

Frankish King Dagobert I conquered the area around 630, and a small church was built in nearby Utrecht.

After the withdrawal of the Lombards during the migration period the Lüneburg Heath belonged to the Duchy of Saxony from about 700 AD, which was conquered by Charlemagne in the 9th century and became part of the Frankish Empire.

Arno, bishop since 785, enjoyed the respect of the Frankish king Charlemagne who assigned to him the missionary territory between the rivers Danube in the north, the Rába ( Raab ) in the east and the Drava in the south, an area which had recently been conquered from the Avars.

Fearing an invasion by the Franks, who had conquered heathen Frisia over the previous 100 years and Old Saxony in 772 to 804, Godfred began work on an enormous structure to defend his realm, separating Jutland from the northern extent of the Frankish Empire.

In a thirty-year reign ( 481 – 511 ) he defeated the Roman general Syagrius and conquered the Roman enclave of Soissons, defeated the Alemanni ( Tolbiac, 504 ) and established Frankish hegemony over them, defeated the Visigoths ( Vouillé, 507 ) and conquered their entire kingdom ( save Septimania ) with its capital at Toulouse, and conquered the Bretons ( according to Gregory of Tours ) and made them vassals of Francia.

He conquered most or all of the neighbouring Frankish tribes along the Rhine and incorporated them into his kingdom.

From 772 onwards, Charles conquered and eventually defeated the Saxons to incorporate their realm into the Frankish kingdom.

By 1430, the Byzantines eventually recovered the remainder of the Frankish part of the Morea, but in 1460 the peninsula was almost completely overrun and conquered by the Ottoman Empire.

Around 500 AD, Old Frankish evolved to Old Dutch, a West Germanic language that was spoken by the Franks and to a lesser extent by people living in the regions conquered by the Franks.

The local population of the March was diverse, including Iberians, Basques, Jews and Goths who had been conquered or subjugated by the Muslim emirate to the south or the Frankish Empire to the north.

The local population of the Marches was diverse including Hispano-Romans, Iberians, Basques, Jews and Goths who had been conquered or subjugated by the Muslim or Frankish Empires to the north and south.