Bethlehem — along with Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Sidon — was briefly ceded to the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem by a treaty between Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and Ayyubid Sultan al-Kamil in 1229, in return for a ten-year truce between the Ayyubids and the Crusaders.

As the first Sultan of Egypt, Saladin established the Ayyubid dynasty, based in Cairo, and aligned Egypt with the Abbasids, who were based in Baghdad.

In 1187, the Ayyubid Sultan, Saladin, defeated the Crusaders in the Battle of Hattin ( above Tiberias ), taking Jerusalem and most of Palestine.

Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb (, Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn Yūsuf ibn Ayyūb, Kurdish: سه ‌ لاحه ‌ دین ئه ‌ یوبی, Selah ' edînê Eyubî ) ( 1137 / 1138 – March 4, 1193 ), better known in the Western world as Saladin, was a Kurdish Muslim, who became the first Sultan of Egypt and Syria, and founded the Ayyubid dynasty .< ref name =" Minorsky "> A number of contemporary sources make note of this.

* March 4 – Saladin, Sultan of the Kurdish Ayyubid dynasty of Egypt and Syria ( b. c. 1138 )

Artistic representation of Saladin, the first Ayyubid dynasty | Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt and Greater Syria | Syria.

* Al-Aziz Uthman, was the second son of Saladin and the second Ayyubid Sultan of Egypt

The Mosque of Omar was built in its current shape by the Ayyubid Sultan al-Afdal bin Saladin in 1193 CE in memory of this event.

In the 1230s, the Ayyubid rulers of Syria attempted to assert their independence from Egypt and remained divided until Egyptian Sultan as-Salih Ayyub restored Ayyubid unity by taking over most of Syria, excluding Aleppo, by 1247.

Approximately 800, 000 bezants were paid in ransom for King Louis who, along with thousands of his troops, was captured and defeated by the Egyptian army led by the Ayyubid Sultan Turanshah supported by the Bahariyya Mamluks led by Faris ad-Din Aktai, Baibars al-Bunduqdari, Qutuz, Aybak and Qalawun.

) Another theory is that the term is a corruption of the name of Saladin ( Salah ad-Din ), the Ayyubid Sultan, who in 1171 sent forty pieces of the ceramic to Nur ad-Din Zengi, Sultan of Syria.

Ayyubid Sultan as-Salih Ayyub, in Egypt, later hired their services against his uncle as-Salih Ismail.

The Ayyubid ruler of Mayyafariqin, Malik Kamil, and his cousin in Aleppo and the future Sultan, Malik Nasir Yusuf sent envoys to Mongke Khan, who imposed darugachis ( overseers ) and a census on the Diyarbakir area.

Fearing of the Mongol advance, the Ayyubid Sultan Malik Nasir Yusuf refused to see Hulegu and fled.

Their name means ' of the sea ', referring to the location of their original residence on Al-Rodah Island in the Nile ( Bahr al-Nil ) in Cairo at the castle of Al-Rodah which was built by the Ayyubid Sultan as-Salih Ayyub

Also interesting is the fact that death following an amputation due to an abscess is the same treatment, and fate, suffered by the Ayyubid Sultan as-Salih Ayyub in 1249, miles from any frankish physician.

Sultan of Egypt was the status held by the rulers of Egypt after the establishment of the Ayyubid Dynasty of Saladin in 1174 until the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517.

Kara Aslan's son Nur ad-Din Muhammad allied with the Ayyubid sultan Saladin against the Sultan of Rum Kilij Arslan II, whose daughter had married Nur ad-Din Muhammad.

After the defeat of the Crusaders by Saladin, the Ayyubid Sultan renamed the city Saffuriya.

To consolidate the position of Aybak, and attempting to satisfy their opponents in Syria and Baghdad, the Mamluks installed the 6-year-old al-malik Sharaf Muzafer al-Din Musa, who was one of the Syrian branch of the Ayyubid family as a Sultan and announced that Aybak is merely a representative of the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad.

Shajar al-Durr ( Arabic: شجر الدر, " Tree of Pearls ") ( Royal name: al-Malikah Ismat ad-Din Umm-Khalil Shajar al-Durr ( Arabic: الملكة عصمة الدين أم خليل شجر الدر ) ( nicknamed: أم خليل, Umm Khalil ; mother of Khalil ) ( d. 1257, Cairo ) was the widow of the Ayyubid Sultan as-Salih Ayyub who played a crucial role after his death during the Seventh Crusade against Egypt ( 1249 – 1250 ).

In 1187, the Crusaders were evicted by the Ayyubid forces of Saladin after their victory in the Battle of Hattin, and the town slowly went into decline.

The Ayyubid empire had fallen into civil war after the death of Saladin in 1193.

In 1174, Saladin sent Turan-Shah to conquer Yemen to allocate it and its port Aden to the territories of the Ayyubid Dynasty.

The Ayyubid dynasty held a council upon the revelation of his preparations to discuss the possible threat and Saladin collected his own troops outside Cairo.

All of the booty from the Ayyubid victory was accorded to the army, Saladin not keeping anything himself.

On November 25, while the greater part of the Ayyubid army was absent, Saladin and his men were surprised near Ramla in the battle of Montgisard.

On May 11, 1182, Saladin along with half of the Egyptian Ayyubid army and numerous non-combatants left Cairo for Syria.

After a few Ayyubid raids — including attacks on Zir ' in, Forbelet, and Mount Tabor — the Crusaders still were not tempted to attack their main force, and Saladin led his men back across the river once provisions and supplies ran low.

Although the Ayyubid dynasty that he founded would only outlive him by 57 years, the legacy of Saladin within the Arab World continues to this day.

Turan-Shah annexed Yemen to the Ayyubid Empire of Saladin in 1173.

* 1171: Saladin deposes the last Fatimid Caliph Al -' Āḍid, initiating the Ayyubid dynasty.

Tamar sought to make use of the weakness of the Byzantine Empire and the crusaders ' defeat at the hands of the Ayyubid sultan Saladin in order to gain Georgia's position on the international stage and to assume the traditional role of the Byzantine crown as a protector of the Christians of the Middle East.

* Following the death of Saladin, the lands of the Kurdish Ayyubid dynasty of Egypt and Syria are split among his descendants.

In 1171, Saladin seized Fatimid Egypt, and installed the transitory Ayyubid dynasty on the throne.

The origins of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt lie in the Ayyubid Dynasty that Saladin ( Salah ad-Din ) founded in 1174.

The earliest known Kurdish dynasties under Islamic rule ( 10th to 12th centuries ) are the Hasanwayhids, the Marwanids, the Shaddadids, followed by the Ayyubid dynasty founded by Saladin.

He had begun with the rapid capture of the port of Damietta in June 1249, an attack which did cause some disruption in the Muslim Ayyubid empire, especially as the current sultan was on his deathbed.

Six years later, while on pilgrimage to Hebron, Baibars promulgated an edict forbidding Christians and Jews from entering the sanctuary, and the climate became less tolerant of Jews and Christians than it had been under the prior Ayyubid rule.

The 13th century also saw attempts at a Franco-Mongol alliance, with exchange of ambassadors and ( failed ) attempts at military collaboration in the Holy Land during the later Crusades, though eventually the Mongols in the Ilkhanate, after they had destroyed the Abbasid and Ayyubid dynasties, eventually themselves converted to Islam, and signed the 1323 Treaty of Aleppo with the surviving Muslim power, the Egyptian Mamluks.

Since all the local authorities denied him any help and most of the military orders denied him any help, and being the crusading army a meagre force, Frederick negotiated along the lines of a previous agreement he had intended to broker with the Ayyubid sultan, Al-Kamil.

The reinforcements had come after the Nubians already departed, but under Turan-Shah the Ayyubid forces advanced and conquered northern Nubia after capturing the town of Ibrim.

Several of his fathers subordinate emirs left the city for Cairo to lobby al-Aziz Uthman to oust him on claims he was inexperienced and had the intent to sweep out the old Ayyubid guard.

When the governor Kutuk refused to aid them against an-Nasir Yusuf, Baibars deposed him and had al-Mugith Umar, the emir of Karak, pronounced in the khutba at the al-Aqsa Mosque ; al-Mugith Umar had allowed the political dissidents of Cairo and Damascus, who sought protection from the Mamluk and Ayyubid authorities, a safehaven within his territories.

The Ayyubids had been under the nominal sovereignty of the Mongol Empire after a Mongol force targeted Ayyubid territories in Anatolia in 1244.

Afterward, the junior Ayyubid governor of Banias allied with the Mongols, who had now gained control of most of Syria and al-Jazira, effectively ending Ayyubid power in the region.

Al-Mansur of Hama had fought alongside the Mamluks from the start of their conquest and because of this, Hama continued to be ruled by the Ayyubid descendants of Muzaffar ad-Din Umar.

The seat of Ayyubid government from Saladin's rule from the 1170s up to al-Adil's reign in 1218 had been Damascus.

Jews were spread throughout the Islamic world and most Ayyubid cities had Jewish communities due to the important roles they played in trade, manufacture, finance, and medicine.

In Aleppo, the Firdaws Madrasa, known as the most impressive Ayyubid building in Syria, had regent queen Dayfa Khatun as its patron.

Between 1183-84, Raynald had ships stationed in the Red Sea to prevent the Ayyubid garrison at Kolzum from accessing water.

Innocent III had already planned since 1208 a crusade in order to destroy the Ayyubid Empire and to recapture Jerusalem.

Since the scholarly and legal traditions of the ulema were well-established by the time of the Abbasids, the later Middle Eastern empires and kingdoms ( including the Ayyubid, Seljuk, Fatimid, Mamluk and Mongol ) had little impact on modern Islamist political ideals.

In 1250, when the Ayyubid sultan as-Salih Ayyub died, the Mamluks he had owned as slaves murdered his son and heir Turanshah, and Shajar al-Durr the widow of as-Salih became the Sultana of Egypt.

The coming of the Slave Army of the Mamluks in 1260, replacing the short lived late Muslim Ayyubid rulers ( 1244 – 1260 ) had little effect on the Armenians but great effect on the other Christian communities, many of whom were viewed as being part of the Crusader mentality.

On April 1249, al-Salih Ayyub, the Ayyubid Sultan and husband of Shajar al-Durr who was gravely sick in Syria, returned to Egypt and stayed in Ashmum-Tanah, near Damietta after he heard that King Louis IX of France had assembled a crusade army in Cyprus and was about to launch an attack against Egypt.

In 1173, the northern wall of the mosque was damaged again by fire and was rebuilt by the Ayyubid sultan, Saladin ( r. 1174 – 1193 ), along with the Minaret of the Bride, which had been destroyed in the 1069 fire.