Over around a thousand years of socio-political unity, with the exception of the first few centuries, no common Frankish language existed.

This Frankish unity or the memory of it seems to have lasted well into the period when their range was linguistically divided between High and Low German.

In the Frankish realm the unity of the kingdom was essentially connected with the person of the king.

The original ethnic Franks ceased to be called by others and themselves Franks, whereas certain groups of people who were not Franks but were mostly ruled by Frankish nobility now began to use it as a term to describe their respective land and people.

It is possible that Saxon settlement of Great Britain began only in response to expanding Frankish control of the Channel coast.

According to Muslim accounts of the battle, in the midst of the fighting on the second day ( Frankish accounts have the battle lasting one day only ), scouts from the Franks sent by Charles began to raid the camp and supply train ( including slaves and other plunder ).

Pepin was created mayor in all three Frankish kingdoms ( Austrasia, Neustria, and Burgundy ) and began calling himself Duke and Prince of the Franks ( dux et princeps Francorum ).

Under a series of dukes that began under the child king Louis IV in 903, the Lotharingians frequently swapped allegiance between the East and West Frankish kings.

When Saladin arrived from the taking of Tiberias, and after the Frankish army left Turan, the Muslims began their attack in earnest.

After the Frankish conquest ( 9th century ) the city began to recover, aided by its location along the Via Francigena that later connected the Holy Roman Empire with Rome.

Fearing an invasion by the Franks, who had conquered heathen Frisia over the previous 100 years and Old Saxony in 772 to 804, Godfred began work on an enormous structure to defend his realm, separating Jutland from the northern extent of the Frankish Empire.

To protect the northern coast of the Frankish Empire, Charlemagne began paying Viking chieftains to protect sections of the coast from the Schlei east to the Weser River.

Childeric is chiefly important to history for bequeathing the Franks to his son Clovis, who began an effort to extend his authority over the other Frankish tribes and to expand their territorium south and west into Gaul.

It was also under Frankish hegemony that the other Germanic societies east of the Rhine began to codify their tribal law, in such compilations as the Lex Alamannorum and Lex Bajuvariorum for the Alemanni and Bavarii respectively.

The first line of dukes began about 660 with one Felix, who, like his successor, Lupus, probably owned allegiance to the Frankish kings, and whose seat of government was Toulouse.

Fearing an invasion by the Franks, who had conquered heathen Frisia over the previous 100 years and Old Saxony in 772 to 804, Godfred began work on an enormous structure to defend his realm, separating the Jutland peninsula from the northern extent of the Frankish empire.

Every time one of these cuts would close in one place, another would open in another place ... Then came to him a Frankish physician and removed from the leg all the ointments which were on it and began to wash it with very strong vinegar.

The practice began to be seriously abused in the eighth century when the Anglo-Saxon and Frankish kings assumed the right to set commendatory abbots over monasteries that were occupied by religious communities.

In the Low Countries, this phase began when the Franks, themselves a union of multiple smaller tribes ( many of them, such as the Batavi, Chauci, Chamavi and Chattuarii, were already living in the Low Countries prior to the forming of the Frankish confederation ), began to incur the northwestern provinces of the Roman Empire.

Under the Merovingian and Carolingian dynasties, Frankish rule expanded from the region around Limbourg to cover larger areas, and eventually began to replace roman imperial rule.

Tassilo, then still an infant, began his rule as a Frankish ward under the tutelage of his uncle, the Merovingian Mayor of the Palace Pepin the Short ( later king ) after Tassilo's father, Duke Odilo of Bavaria, had died in 747 and Pepin ’ s half-brother Grifo had tried to seize the duchy for himself.

Frankish incursions over the Rhine became so frequent that the Romans began to settle the Franks on their borders in order to control them.

The Frankish confederation probably began to coalesce in the 210s, north of the Roman province called Germania Inferior (' Lower Germany '), which had been settled earlier by Celticised Germanic immigrants, that Julius Caesar knew as the Belgae.

The Saxons, Alemanni, and Thuringii all had the levy and it could be depended upon by the Frankish monarchs until the mid-seventh century, when the stem dukes began to sever their ties to the monarchy.

" Peter Heather agrees with Wood's implication in this instance: " I doubt that this is the full story, but the effects of Frankish intervention are clear enough.

The war of Clovis with the Alemanni forms the setting for the conversion of Clovis, briefly treated by Gregory of Tours ( Book II. 31 ) Subsequently the Alemanni formed part of the Frankish dominions and were governed by a Frankish duke.

He was on uneasy terms with the Catholic bishops of Arelate ( modern Arles ) as epitomized in the career of the Frankish Caesarius, bishop of Arles, who was appointed bishop in 503.

The new Frankish alliance was important because of the Franks ' known hostility to the Byzantine empire, providing the Lombards with more than one option.

In subsequent years, the Acropolis was a site of bustling human activity with many Byzantine, Frankish, and Ottoman structures.

Arnulf was granted the Duchy of Carinthia, a Frankish vassal state and successor of the ancient Principality of Carantania, by his father Carloman, after Carloman had become reconciled with his own father Louis the German and was created King of Bavaria.

As early as 880, Arnulf had designs on Great Moravia, and had the Frankish bishop Wiching of Nitra interfere with the missionary activities of Methodius, with the aim of preventing any potential for creating a unified Moravian nation.

These remains include a Frankish sword adorned with gold and garnets and a tafl game with Roman pawns of ivory.

He was dressed in a costly suit made of Frankish cloth with golden threads, and he wore a belt with a costly buckle.

The Saracens called the crossbow qaws Ferengi, or " Frankish bow ," as the Crusaders used the crossbow against the Arab and Turkoman horsemen with remarkable success.

Æthelberht ’ s wife was a Christian and brought a Frankish bishop with her, to attend her at court, so Æthelberht would have had knowledge of Christianity before the mission reached Kent.

A possible reason for the willingness of the Franks to connect themselves with the Kentish court is the fact that a Frankish king, Chilperic I, is recorded as having conquered a people known as the Euthiones during the mid-sixth century.

The vacuum left may have been resettled then by some Frankish nobles with some more or less numerous retainers from their original core area.

Today, only two European regions continue to associate with the Franks: the French province of Île-de-France, originally the Western Franks ' seat of power ; and the Ripuarian Frankish dynasty's adopted homeland, modern Franconia.

The nailed iron horseshoe first appeared in the archaeological record in Europe about 5th century A. D. when a horseshoe, complete with nails, was found in the tomb of the Frankish King Childeric I at Tournai, Belgium.

In 771, Charlemagne reunited the Frankish domains after a further period of division, subsequently conquering the Lombards under Desiderius in what is now northern Italy ( 774 ), incorporating Bavaria ( 788 ) into his realm, defeating the Avars of the Danubian plain ( 796 ), advancing the frontier with Islamic Spain as far south as Barcelona ( 801 ), and subjugating Lower Saxony after a prolonged campaign ( 804 ).

The historian N. J. Higham offers another explanation for their attendance, arguing that Æthelberht sent the pair to the council because of shifts in Frankish policy towards the Kentish kingdom, which threatened Kentish independence, and that the two clergymen were sent to negotiate a compromise with Chlothar.

The pair probably took refuge with Chlothar, hoping that the Frankish king would intervene and restore them to their sees, and by 617 Justus had been reinstalled in his bishopric by the new king.

In October, the Khwarazmians, along with the Egyptian army under the command of Baibars, were met by the Frankish army, led by Philip of Montfort, Walter of Brienne, and the masters of the Templars, Hospitallers, and Teutonic Knights, along with al-Mansur and Dawud.

According to Frankish custom, Louis had expected to share his inheritance with his brothers, Charles the Younger, King of Neustria, and Pepin, King of Italy.