* Action Directe ( terrorist group ), a French left-wing terrorist group

French society underwent an epic transformation, as feudal, aristocratic and religious privileges evaporated under a sustained assault from radical left-wing political groups, masses on the streets, and peasants in the countryside.

Viet Minh units occasionally made forays into Cambodian bases during their war against the French, and, in conjunction with the leftist government that ruled Thailand until 1947, the Viet Minh encouraged the formation of armed, left-wing Khmer Issarak bands.

The original French left-wing was anti-clerical, opposing the influence of the Roman Catholic Church and supporting the separation of church and state.

Given that most French supporters of phrenology were liberal, left-wing or socialist, it was an objective of the social elite of France who held a restrained vision of social change that phrenology remain on the fringes.

Discredited after the Second World War, French radicals split into a left-wing party – the Radical Party of the Left, an associate of the Socialist Party – and the Radical Party " valoisien ", an associate party of the conservative Union for a Popular Movement ( UMP ) and its Gaullist predecessors.

A famous example of this spoiler effect occurred in the 2002 French presidential election, when so many left-wing candidates stood in the first round that all of them were eliminated and two right-wing candidates advanced to the second round.

That law was also challenged by left-wing parties and the former French colonies ; critics argued that the law was tantamount to refusing to acknowledge the racism inherent to French colonialism, and that the law proper is a form of historical revisionism.

The French CGT leadership under Léon Jouhaux faced similar criticism from its own left-wing, after its close collaboration with Government during the First World War and, later, the Popular Front ( France ); However, unlike the Spanish anarcho-syndicalists, on both occasions the CGT stopped short of full Cabinet participation.

At other times, for example during the 2002 election campaign, he declared himself " socially left-wing, economically right-wing, nationally French " ( socialement à gauche, économiquement à droite, nationalement français ).

* The Radical Party, which inherited of the tradition of the French Left and of Radical Republicanism ( sharing left-wing traits such as anti-clericalism ), progressively moved more and more to the mainstream center, being one of the main governing parties between the two World Wars.

De Gaulle won the 1965 presidential election, opposed on his left by François Mitterrand who had taken the lead of the Federation of the Democratic and Socialist Left, a coalition of most left-wing parties ( apart from the French Communist Party, then led by Waldeck Rochet who did call to vote for Mitterrand ).

Since then, the government alternated between a left-wing coalition ( composed of the French Socialist Party ( PS ), the French Communist Party ( PCF ) and more recently Les Verts, the Greens ) and a right-wing coalition ( composed of Jacques Chirac's Rally for the Republic ( RPR ), later replaced by the Union for a Popular Movement ( UMP ), and the Union for French Democracy, UDF ).

The February 23, 2005 French law on colonialism was met by a public uproar on the left-wing.

They argue that for the last 30 years, under both left-wing and right-wing governments, the French have been misled into believing that things could go on without real reforms.

He built a new coalition with the other left-wing parties: the French Communist Party, the Greens, the Left Radical Party and the dissident Citizen and Republican Movement.

In France, in August 2006, the left-wing opposition submitted 137, 449 amendments to the proposed law bringing the share in Gaz de France owned by the French state from 80 % to 34 % in order to allow for the merger between Gaz de France and Suez.

In 1974, Delors joined the French Socialist Party, with other left-wing Christians.

The French National Assembly appointed 32 lawmakers from right-and left-wing parties to a six-month fact-finding mission to look at ways of restricting its use.

In December 2006, the French version published an article by Alexander Cockburn, co-editor of CounterPunch, which strongly criticized the endorsement of conspiracy theories by the US left-wing, alleging that it was a sign of " theoretical emptiness.

One of his changes was that he weakened the right wing of the German army, which was invading France by way of Belgium, in order to strengthen the left-wing, which was defending Alsace-Lorraine against the French invasion.

Moltke balked at the weakness of the Alsatian " hinge " region, fearing that the massive strength of the right-wing's hammer would allow the French to breakthrough the relatively sparsely manned left-wing " anvil ".

The goal of the Annales was to undo the work of the Sorbonnistes, to turn French historians away from the narrowly political and diplomatic toward the new vistas in social and economic history.

After the indecisive < ref name =" British historian Townsend Miller "> British historian Townsend Miller: “ But, if the outcome of < nowiki > battle of </ nowiki > Toro, militarily, is debatable, there is no doubt whatsoever as to its enormous psychological and political effects ” in The battle of Toro, 1476, in History Today, volume 14, 1964, p. 270 </ ref > Battle of Toro in 1476 against King Ferdinand II of Aragon, the husband of Isabella I of Castile, he went to France to obtain the assistance of Louis XI, but finding himself deceived by the French monarch, he returned to Portugal in 1477 in very low spirits.

* 2007 – René Rémond, French historian and political economist ( b. 1918 )

Also as Salieri aged he moved slowly away from his more liberal political stances as he saw the enlightened reform of Joseph II's reign, and the hoped for reforms of the French revolution, replaced with more radical revolutionary ideas.

As the political situation threatened and eventually overwhelmed Austria, which was repeatedly crushed by French political forces, Salieri's first and most important biographer Mosel described the emotional effect that this political, social, and cultural upheaval had on the composer.

" God knows I go with a heavy heart ," he wrote six days later to his friend and political ally in England, Lord Godolphin, " for I have no hope of doing anything considerable, unless the French do what I am very confident they will not … " – in other words, court battle.

Earlier French demands for the country to hold a National Conference resulted in the gathering of 750 delegates representing political parties ( which were legalized in 1992 ), the government, trade unions and the army to discuss the creation of a pluralist democratic regime.

Other utilitarian-type views include the claims that the end of action is survival and growth, as in evolutionary ethics ( the 19th-century English philosopher Herbert Spencer ); the experience of power, as in despotism ( the 16th-century Italian political philosopher Niccolò Machiavelli and the 19th-century German Friedrich Nietzsche ); satisfaction and adjustment, as in pragmatism ( 20th-century American philosophers Ralph Barton Perry and John Dewey ); and freedom, as in existentialism ( the 20th-century French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre ).

French political cartoon from the late 1890s.

With Mahoré continuing to gravitate politically and economically toward France, and Comoros increasingly dependent on the French for help with its own considerable social, political, and economic problems, the issue of Mahoré diminished somewhat in urgency.

In Belgium, where there are separate Dutch speaking and French speaking parties for each political grouping, coalition cabinets of up to six parties are quite common.

Later on, during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, this French revolutionary principle – though not of course its specific way to identify the “ general will ” – percolated into first Socialist and then Fascist political thinking.

The first established use of the term in a political context was by François-René de Chateaubriand in 1819, following the French Revolution.

The unease and self-deception that characterized that period of colonial history would be revisited in many forms at political and social moments of crisis ( such as the Salem witch trials, which coincided with frontier warfare and economic competition among Indians and French and other European settlers ) and during lengthy periods of cultural definition ( such as the American Renaissance of the late 18th-and early 19th-century literary, visual, and architectural movements, which sought to capitalize on unique American identities ).

Modern Nationalism, as developed especially since the French Revolution, has made the distinction between " language " and " dialect " an issue of great political importance.

The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation was already weak when the French Revolution and the ensuing Napoleonic Wars altered the political map of Central Europe.

As can be seen in the texts, the French declaration is heavily influenced by the political philosophy of the Enlightenment, and by Enlightenment principles of human rights, some of which it shares with the U. S. Declaration of Independence which preceded it ( 4 July 1776 ).

A French translation of Chambers ' work inspired the Encyclopédie, perhaps the most famous early encyclopedia, notable for its scope, the quality of some contributions, and its political and cultural impact in the years leading up to the French revolution.

In a similar way to the moderate parties, the French far right in general is naturally opposed to the EU, as they criticize France's loss of political and economic sovereignty to a supra-national entity.

Internal political upheaval eventually led to 23 years of nearly continuous conflict in the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars.

Social, political, and economic upheaval in the wake of the conflict led to the Second World War, in which the Allies were defeated in the Battle of France and the French government surrendered and was replaced with an authoritarian regime.

* 1799 – Jean-Charles de Borda, French mathematician, physicist, political scientist, and sailor ( b. 1733 )