French buccaneers established a settlement on the island of Tortuga in 1625, and were soon joined by like minded English and Dutch privateers and pirates, who formed a lawless international community that survived by preying on Spanish ships and hunting wild cattle.

In 1684 the French and Spanish signed the Treaty of Ratisbon that included provisions to suppress the actions of the Caribbean privateers, which effectively ended the era of the buccaneers on Tortuga, many being employed by the French Crown to hunt down any of their former comrades who preferred to turn outright pirate.

Scots and French privateers were operating around Wales throughout Owain ’ s war.

These patrolled the southern coast of the United States and throughout the Caribbean, seeking French privateers.

The USS Experiment captured the French privateers Deux Amis and Diane.

Preble commanded the frigate Essex, which he sailed around Cape Horn into the Pacific to protect American merchantmen in the East Indies ; he recaptured several ships that had been seized by French privateers.

By the autumn of 1800, the United States Navy and the Royal Navy, combined with a more conciliatory diplomatic stance by the government of First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte, had reduced the activity of the French privateers and warships.

French privateers were becoming a menace to Bermudian operations in the area, at the time, but the Bahamians were their primary concern.

That same year, French privateers attacked the Turks, burning ships and absconding with a large sloop.

By the French Revolutionary Wars of the late 18th century, effective naval convoy tactics had been developed to ward off pirates and privateers.

Aeolian privateers fight with the Spanish against the French.

They were intended to counter the menace of French privateers, which the Navy's ships-of-the-line were ill-designed to counter.

As a rule, the buccaneers called themselves privateers, and many sailed under the protection of a letter of marque granted by British, French or Dutch authorities.

Following the French Revolution, French privateers became a menace to British and American shipping in the western Atlantic and the Caribbean, resulting in the Quasi-War, a brief conflict between France and the United States, fought largely at sea, and to the Royal Navy's procuring Bermuda sloops to combat the French privateers.

During the Nine Years War, the French adopted a policy of strongly encouraging privateers, including the famous Jean Bart, to attack English and Dutch shipping.

While French losses were proportionally severe, the smaller but better protected Spanish trade suffered the least and it was Spanish privateers who enjoyed much of the best allied plunder of British trade, particularly in the West Indies.

Corsairs ( French: corsaire ) were privateers, authorized to conduct raids on shipping of a nation at war with France, on behalf of the French Crown.

However in French it is usually referred to as Chateau d ' Abbadie or Domaine d ' Abbadia, and locally it is not unusual for it to be called le Chateau d ' Antoine d ' Abbadie.

( In modern French, "" usually means referee or umpire.

Since commercial signage usually has limited physical space, signage is normally in French alone.

The organisation is usually referred to by its French initialism, BIPM.

Throughout the colonial period, large areas of Chad were never governed effectively: in the huge BET Prefecture, the handful of French military administrators usually left the people alone, and in central Chad, French rule was only slightly more substantive.

The stalks are not usually eaten ( except in soups or stews in French cuisine ), but the leaves may be used in salads, and its seeds are those sold as a spice.

Most Arthurian romances of this period produced in English or Welsh did not follow this trend ; Camelot was referred to infrequently, and usually in translations from French.

One exception is Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, which locates Arthur's court at " Camelot "; however, in Britain, Arthur's court was generally located at Caerleon, or at Carlisle, which is usually identified with the " Carduel " of the French romances.

An emperor ( through Old French empereor from Latin imperator ) is a ( male ) monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm.

French is the adjective form of France and usually refers to:

In fact, being sent to French Guiana as a relégué was a life sentence, and usually a short life sentence, as most of the relégués died very quickly from disease and malnutrition.

Pre-made French fries have been available for home cooking since the 1960s, usually having been pre-fried ( or sometimes baked ), frozen and placed in a sealed plastic bag.

French wines are usually made to accompany french cuisine

It is usually referred to as FIDE (), its French acronym.

To that end, the tree is portrayed as a sapling, usually of an oak tree in French interpretation.

Years appear in writing as Roman numerals ( usually ), with epoch 22 September 1792, the beginning of the ' Republican Era ' ( the day the French First Republic was proclaimed, one day after the Convention abolished the monarchy ).

Having kept bonds with the English speakers ( he spent part of his childhood in the United States and usually spoke English ) and with French soldiers in North Africa ( under Admiral Lemonnier ), Jacques-Yves Cousteau ( whose villa " Baobab " at Sanary ( Var ) was opposite Admiral Darlan's villa " Reine "), helped the French Navy to join again with the Allies ; he assembled a commando operation against the Italian espionage services in France, and received several military decorations for his deeds.

Speakers of Quebec French from outside Montreal usually have other names to identify their speech, such as Magoua in Trois-Rivières, and Chaouin south of Trois-Rivières.

" Modern French orders of knighthood include women, for example the Légion d ' Honneur ( Legion of Honor ) since the mid-19th c., but they are usually called chevaliers.

The officers have usually trained and served with the French military.

During World War II under German occupation, militia usually called the French Resistance emerged to conduct a guerrilla war of attrition against German forces and prepare the way for the D-Day Allied Invasion of France.

Because there were usually few British regulars garrisoned in North America, colonial militia served a vital role in local conflicts, particularly in the French and Indian Wars.

The word derives from traditional inherited divisions of the countryside, reassigned as local jurisdictions known as manors or seigneuries ; each manor being subject to a lord ( French seigneur ), usually holding his position in return for undertakings offered to a higher lord ( see Feudalism ).

It resisted the effort of Samori Ture, leader of Wassoulou Empire, in 1887, to conquer it, and was one of the last kingdoms in the area to fall to the French in 1898.

It claimed that " marshallization " must be resisted and prevented by any means, and that French and Italian communist parties were to take maximum efforts to sabotage the implementation of the Plan.

Despite the breakup of their kingdom, the Baoulé strongly resisted French subjugation.

The African population resisted French penetration and settlement, even in areas where treaties of protection had been in force.

However the Prussians resisted strongly, and the French suffered 86 casualties to the Prussian 83 casualties.

The prospect of Bourbons on both the French and Spanish thrones was resisted as creating an imbalance of power in Europe by its dominant regimes and, upon Charles II's death on 1 November 1700, a Grand Alliance of European nations united against Philip.

The French forces resisted until the armistice.

Although the few French survivors resisted from all sides, by the end of the first day the German assault troops had only suffered about 600 casualties.

Wilson, however, resisted the French claim so firmly that Clemenceau accused him of being ‘ pro German ’.

In taking control of the city, the French soldiers were quick to beat or shoot Vietnamese who resisted the reestablishment of French authority.

Although the majority of civilians neither collaborated nor overtly resisted, the occupation of French territory and the German authorities ' draconian policies inspired a discontented minority to form paramilitary groups dedicated to both active and passive resistance.

In the late 19th century, the Tuareg resisted the French colonial invasion of their Central Saharan homelands.

He resisted the French occupation of Mexico, overthrew the Second Mexican Empire, restored the Republic, and used liberal efforts to modernize the country.

This move was made to take advantage of the protection provided by the large French garrison stationed in Leith which resisted attacking Scottish Protestant lords, reinforced by troops and artillery sent from England by Queen Elizabeth I.

The British, French and — thanks to the schemes of Ignatiev — the Russians were all granted a permanent diplomatic presence in Beijing ( something the Qing resisted to the very end as it suggested equality between China and the European powers ).

In the early moments of the battle, Joubert died, shot in a skirmish line action, but the French resisted the Austrian attack and counter-attacked.

British troops commanded by General James Wolfe successfully resisted the column advance of French troops and Canadian military under Louis-Joseph, Marquis de Montcalm, using new tactics that proved extremely effective against standard military formations used in most large European conflicts.

Speer, who was looking to the future, actively resisted the order, just as he had earlier refused Hitler's command to destroy French industry when the Wehrmacht was being driven out of France, and managed to continue doing so even after Hitler became aware of his actions.

Only a few Calabrians resisted the invading French force and the Royal Neapolitan Army was soundly defeated at the Battle of Campo Tenese on 10 March 1806.

The French resisted more than expected, and more operations were needed to capture the island, but it did eventually fall.

He had long resisted the views of Father Hugues Felicité Robert de Lamennais, " Felix ", one of the leading intellectuals concerned with French Catholic youth, but in May 1830, Lamennais converted him to his liberal version of ultramontanism, that is, the adherence to the absolute universal authority of the papacy in opposition to nationalist and secularist ideas.

" Anglo Saxon " was a term favored by the French ( to criticize close diplomatic relations between the US and Britain ), and by the Irish Catholics, who resisted British rule in Ireland.

Brother Devil ; April 7, 1771 – November 11, 1806 ), is the popular name given to Michele Pezza, a famous Neapolitan guerrilla leader who resisted the French occupation of Naples, proving an “ inspirational practicioner of popular insurrection ”.