Modern Algerian literature, split between Arabic, Kabyle and French, has been strongly influenced by the country's recent history.

Modern weapons include the Russian ZSU-23-4 Shilka and Tunguska-M1, South Korean K30 Biho and K263A1 radar-guided Vulcan, Chinese Type 95 SPAAA, Swedish CV9040 AAV, Polish PZA Loara, American M6 Bradley Linebacker and M1097 Humvee Avenger, Yugoslavian BOV-3, Canadian ADATS, aging German Gepard, Japanese Type 87 SPAAG and similar versions with the British Marksman turret ( which was also adapted for a number of other users ), Italian SIDAM 25 and Otomatic, and versions of the French AMX-13.

Translations into the vernacular were done by famous notables, including King Alfred ( Old English ), Jean de Meun ( Old French ), Geoffrey Chaucer ( Middle English ), Queen Elizabeth I ( Early Modern English ), and Notker Labeo ( Old High German ).

The glossing was probably brought to England as Old French crimne ( 12th century form of Modern French crime ), from Latin crimen ( in the genitive case: criminis ).

Examples of cognates in Indo-European languages are the words night ( English ), nuit ( French ), Nacht ( German ), nacht ( Dutch ), nag ( Afrikaans ), nicht ( Scots ), natt ( Swedish, Norwegian ), nat ( Danish ), nátt ( Faroese ), nótt ( Icelandic ), noc ( Czech, Slovak, Polish ), ночь, noch ( Russian ), ноќ, noć ( Macedonian ), нощ, nosht ( Bulgarian ), ніч, nich ( Ukrainian ), ноч, noch / noč ( Belarusian ), noč ( Slovene ), noć ( Serbo-Croatian ), νύξ, nyx ( Ancient Greek, νύχτα / nyhta in Modern Greek ), nox ( Latin ), nakt-( Sanskrit ), natë ( Albanian ), noche ( Spanish ), nos ( Welsh ), nueche ( Asturian ), noite ( Portuguese and Galician ), notte ( Italian ), nit ( Catalan ), noapte ( Romanian ), nakts ( Latvian ) and naktis ( Lithuanian ), all meaning " night " and derived from the Proto-Indo-European ( PIE ), " night ".

Another Indo-European example is star ( English ), str-( Sanskrit ), tara ( Hindi-Urdu ), étoile ( French ), ἀστήρ ( astēr ) ( Greek or ἀστέρι / ἄστρο, asteri / astro in Modern Greek ), stella ( Italian ), aster ( Latin ) stea ( Romanian and Venetian ), stairno ( Gothic ), astl ( Armenian ), Stern ( German ), ster ( Dutch and Afrikaans ), starn ( Scots ), stjerne ( Norwegian and Danish ), stjarna ( Icelandic ), stjärna ( Swedish ), stjørna ( Faroese ), setāre ( Persian ), stoorei ( Pashto ), seren ( Welsh ), steren ( Cornish ), estel ( Catalan ), estrella Spanish, estrella Asturian and Leonese, estrela ( Portuguese and Galician ) and estêre or stêrk ( Kurdish ), from the PIE, " star ".

Modern Nationalism, as developed especially since the French Revolution, has made the distinction between " language " and " dialect " an issue of great political importance.

* The Modern Period up to the French Revolution ;

The first languages for which standardisation was promoted included Italian (" questione della lingua ": Modern Tuscan / Florentine vs. Old Tuscan / Florentine vs. Venetian > Modern Florentine + archaic Tuscan + Upper Italian ), French ( the standard is based on Parisian ), English ( the standard is based on the London dialect ) and ( High ) German ( based on the dialects of the chancellery of Meissen in Saxony, Middle German and the chancellery of Prague in Bohemia (" Common German ")).

The Old French term esbat ( Modern French ébat ) meant amusement or diversion, with a connotation of frolicking.

Modern cinema is generally regarded as descending from the work of the French Lumière brothers in 1895, and their show first came to London in 1896.

Modern fencing originated in the 18th century, in the Italian school of fencing of the Renaissance, and, under their influence, was improved by the French school of fencing.

* A History of Philosophy: Volume VI: Modern Philosophy: From the French Enlightenment to Kant.

* A History of Philosophy: Volume IX: Modern Philosophy: From the French Revolution to Sartre, Camus, and Levi-Strauss.

The French Revolution and the Creation of Modern Political Culture ( Oxford, 1987 – 94 ) vol 1: The Political Culture of the Old Regime, ed.

* The Origins of the French Revolution, The French Revolution: The Moderate Stage, 1789 – 1792, and The French Revolution: The Radical Stage, 1792 – 1794, three essays from The History Guide: Lectures on Modern European Intellectual History

Modern borrowings ( from the 20th century on ), especially from French and English, are typically not inflected.

In Medieval and Modern Spain, the Visigoths were believed to be the origin of the Spanish nobility ( compare Gobineau for a similar French idea ).

Below is the conjugation of the verb to be in the present tense ( of the infinitive, if it exists, and indicative moods ), in English, German, Dutch, Afrikaans, Icelandic, Swedish, Norwegian, Latvian, Bulgarian, Bosnian, Serbian, Croatian, Polish, Slovenian, Hindi, Persian, Latin, French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Albanian, Armenian, Irish, Ancient Attic Greek and Modern Greek.

The Early Modern period in French history spans the following reigns, from 1461 to the Revolution, breaking in 1789:

Khazars were judged according to Tōra ( orders of the Khagan ; coming from the root Tōr meaning customs ; unwritten law of people in Old Turkic ) ( Modern Turkish: Töre ), while the other tribes were judged according to their own laws.

In Modern Hebrew usage, an Israelite is, broadly speaking, a lay member of the Jewish ethnoreligious community, as opposed to the priestly orders of Kohanim and Levites.

Modern processors with caches that are more than two orders of magnitude faster than main memory would not perform anywhere near optimal without more sophisticated methods for data consistency.

The Estates of the realm were the broad social orders of the hierarchically conceived society, recognized in the Middle Ages and Early Modern period in Christian Europe ; they are sometimes distinguished as the three estates: the clergy, the nobility, and commoners, and are often referred to by medieval ranking of importance ( as the hierarchy was ordained by God ) as the First, Second, and Third Estates respectively.

Modern scholarship has cast doubt on this however, with some historians claiming the ex-king was not buried in 1327, but secretly maintained alive on Mortimer's orders until his fall from grace in 1330.

Modern orders of merit and decorations can trace their origin back to the monarchical and honorific orders of chivalry as established in the Middle Ages.

Modern orders are usually open to all citizens of a particular country, regardless of status, sex, race or creed ( although some countries require their citizens to have reached a certain age before becoming eligible ).

Modern day Tirtha lineage monastic orders include Tirtha-Siddhayoga

Modern scholarships " demonstrates the metaphorical nature of the Apadana reliefs as idealised social orders ".

Modern weather systems also include wind shear and turbulence detection and terrain and traffic warning systems.

These include 1981's Modern Romance, where Brooks played a film editor desperate to win back his ex-girlfriend ( Kathryn Harrold ).

Modern afrobeat bands / artists include:

Modern 32-bit terminal emulators such as mTelnet and SyncTerm include native telnet support.

Modern gymnosperms include conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and Gnetales.

Modern forms of CBT include a number of diverse but related techniques such as exposure therapy, stress inoculation training, cognitive processing therapy, cognitive therapy, relaxation training, dialectical behavior therapy, and acceptance and commitment therapy.

Modern examples of chorded keyboards include TipTapSpeech ( using Engelbart's original mapping ), the GKOS keyboard, the FrogPad, the In10did method, the EkaPad, TextFaster and HotTyper.

Modern methods include the use of lossless data compression for incremental parsing, prediction suffix tree and string searching by factor oracle algorithm ( basically a factor oracle is a finite state automaton constructed in linear time and space in an incremental fashion ).

Among concrete examples of Modern human behavior, anthropologists include specialization of tools, use of jewellery and images ( such as cave drawings ), organization of living space, rituals ( for example, burials with grave gifts ), specialized hunting techniques, exploration of less hospitable geographical areas, and barter trade networks.

Modern examples of machine pistols include the MAC-10, Glock 18, and the Beretta 93R and Uzi variants.

Modern U. S. civilian carbines include compact customizations of the AR-15, Ruger Mini-14, Beretta Cx4 Storm, Kel-Tec SUB-2000, bolt-action rifles generally falling under the specifications of a scout rifle, and aftermarket conversion kits for popular pistols including the M1911 and Glock models.

Modern words that derive from the work include fluorspar ( from which was later named fluorine ) and bismuth.

Recurring mechanisms in his games include auctions ( Ra and Modern Art ), tile placement ( Tigris and Euphrates and Ingenious ), and intricate scoring rules ( Samurai ).

Modern methods of carving include using computer-controlled rotary bits and sandblasting over a rubber stencil.

Modern gothic horrors include Sleepy Hollow, Interview with the Vampire, Underworld, The Wolfman, From Hell, Dorian Gray, Let Me In and The Woman in Black.

Modern examples in this field include Adolf Hitler, Mao Zedong and Kim Jong Il, whose tenures as heads of state were accompanied by a significant cult of personality.

Modern hi-fi equipment can include signal sources such as digital audio tape ( DAT ), digital audio broadcasting ( DAB ) or HD Radio tuners.

Modern political improvisation's roots include Jerzy Grotowski's work in Poland during the late 1950s and early 1960s, Peter Brook's " happenings " in England during the late 1960s, Augusto Boal's " Forum Theatre " in South America in the early 1970s, and San Francisco's The Diggers ' work in the 1960s.

Modern uses of lanthanum include:

Modern editions include those of Louis Duchesne ( Liber Pontificalis.

Modern examples include the Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia and the pope of the Roman Catholic Church, who serves as Sovereign of the Vatican City State and is elected to a life term by the College of Cardinals.

Examples include the Museum of Modern Art in New York, the Tate Modern in London, and the Centre Pompidou in Paris.