The classic interpretation of blitzkrieg is that of German tactical and operational methodology in the first half of the Second World War that was often hailed as a new method of warfare.

It does not treat in any detail operational and tactical matters, and does not suggest that the German armed forces have evolved a radically new operational method.

Some historians were prepared to go even further, claiming that blitzkrieg was not merely an operational doctrine of the German armed forces but a strategic concept on which the leadership of the Third Reich based its strategic and economic planning.

The operational thinking of the German army had not changed significantly since the First World War or since the late 19th century.

Another misconception, enhanced by Guderian's own account, that he was the sole creator of German tactical and operational methodology is also misleading.

The Z3, the first fully operational electromechanical computer, was partially financed by German government-supported DVL ( Deutsche Versuchsanstalt für Luftfahrt, i. e. German Research Institute for Aviation ), which wanted their extensive calculations automated.

* 1945 – World War II: a defecting German pilot delivers a Messerschmitt Me 262A-1, the world's first operational jet-powered fighter aircraft, to the Americans, the first to fall into Allied hands.

Dressed in Olympic sweatsuits and carrying sub-machine guns, they were members of the German border-police, without specific operational plans in place for the rescue.

Due to a number of operational mistakes involving the various police services, German Minister of the Interior Rudolf Seiters took responsibility and resigned from his post.

* 1941 – World War II: Holocaust in Kiev, Soviet Union: German Einsatzgruppe C begins the Babyn Yar massacre, according to the Einsatzgruppen operational situation report.

Guessing the intent of the Allied command meeting, Patton ordered his staff to make three separate operational contingency orders to disengage elements of the Third Army from its present position and begin offensive operations toward several objectives in the area of the Bulge occupied by German forces.

In fact, operational errors, chiefly in key choice, made the system less secure than it could have been ; in that way the Purple code shared the fate of the German Enigma machine.

Other historians have portrayed the Somme as a preliminary to the defeat of the German Army and one which taught the British Army tactical and operational lessons.

On 29 August the German Chief of the General Staff, Erich Falkenhayn, was replaced by General Paul von Hindenburg, with General Erich Ludendorff as his deputy, but in effect the operational commander.

The Reserve Army ( Ersatzheer ) had an operational plan called Operation Walküre ( Valkyrie ), which was to be used in the event that the disruption caused by the Allied bombing of German cities caused a breakdown in law and order, or an uprising by the millions of slave labourers from occupied countries now being used in German factories.

The German defensive strategy was to operate a front line defence of sufficient strength to defend against an initial assault and move operational reserves forward before the enemy could consolidate their gains or overrun remaining German positions.

Fromkin has argued that, given what historians have recently seen in Schlieffen's papers, captured by the U. S. Army along with other German war documents, that the memorandum had never been refined into an operational program.

The investigative commission that issued a report after the war found that he could not be absolved from responsibility for the lack of operational readiness for the German invasion, but gave him credit for his management of a unity government in exile.

Although many believe that the operation was named for German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel, who earned the nickname " Desert Fox " during the North African Campaign of World War II, this was not the case ; the operational name was one of at least a half dozen contingency plans that U. S. Central Command developed to respond to a range of possible crises involving Iraq.

However, Galland's close relationship with Albert Speer, the German armaments minister, enabled him to retain a small operational number.

In all his theoretical works, in order to communicate his theories in the German language, rather than Latin, Dürer used graphic expressions based on a vernacular, craftsmen's language.

Being himself one of the leaders of the Communist Party of Italy, ( CPI ), his theories had, in turn, been strongly influenced by the German social thinker Karl Marx, and have their ideological roots grounded in Marxist theory of false consciousness and capitalist exploitation.

These theories were given credence by the fact that when Germany surrendered in November 1918, its armies were still in French and Belgian territory, Berlin remained 450 miles from the nearest front, and the German armies retired from the field of battle in good order.

Marcuse defended the arrested East German dissident Rudolf Bahro ( author of Die Alternative: Zur Kritik des real existierenden Sozialismus The Alternative in Eastern Europe ), discussing in a 1979 essay Bahro's theories of " change from within ".

Such derivations are today proposed only by a minority since being refuted by Grimm, who was skeptical of theories proposing non-Germanic origins for German folklore traditions.

Taking a page from the German phenomenological movement, he believed that our ideas are the product of experiences of real-life situations, and that novels and plays can well describe such fundamental experiences, having equal value to discursive essays for the elaboration of philosophical theories such as existentialism.

The German air power theorists continued to develop strategic theories, but emphasis was given to Army support, as Germany was a continental power and expected to face ground operations immediately, following any declaration of hostilities.

He began his architectural career as an apprentice at the studio of Peter Behrens from 1908 to 1912, where he was exposed to the current design theories and to progressive German culture, working alongside Walter Gropius and Le Corbusier.

At its heart, Gottfried Leibniz, the German philosopher-mathematician, and Isaac Newton, the English physicist-mathematician, set out two opposing theories of what space is.

Foresters in India, often German, managed forests using early climate change theories that Alexander von Humboldt developed in the mid 19th century, applied fire protection, and tried to keep the " house-hold " of nature.

Wilder theories speculated that they could have been launched from German prisoner of war camps in the U. S., or even from Japanese-American internment centers.

In the 1920s, Raeder as one of the authors of the official history of the German Navy in World War I, he sided with Tirpitz against the Jeune École-inspired theories of Wegener, arguing that everything that his mentor Tirpitz did was correct, and dismissed the strategy of guerre de course as a “ dangerous delusion ”.

In 2010, the German historian Christoph Schaefer challenged all other theories, declaring that the queen had actually been poisoned and died from drinking a mixture of poisons.

Although he had introduced the pseudo-scientific racial component into the debate over Jews in Germany, it is unlikely that he was influenced by the earlier theories of Arthur de Gobineau ( author of An Essay on the Inequality of Human Races, 1853 ), who was only translated into German in 1898, a quarter of a century after Marr's pamphlet appeared.

Adelaide was founded by British and German colonists in 1836 to test out Edward Gibbon Wakefield's theories of systematic colonisation.

Wilhelm Carl Werner Otto Fritz Franz Wien (; 13 January 1864 – 30 August 1928 ) was a German physicist who, in 1893, used theories about heat and electromagnetism to deduce Wien's displacement law, which calculates the emission of a blackbody at any temperature from the emission at any one reference temperature.

Townshend, always a voluble interview subject, would later relate these antics to German / British artist Gustav Metzger's theories on auto-destructive art, to which he had been exposed at art school.

The theories contributed five ideas to German foreign policy in the interwar period:

She had an interest in Freud's theories as far back as 1909, when she read some of his works in the original German.

Beginning before World War I the well-known German architect and painter Paul Schultze-Naumburg's influential writings, which invoked racial theories in condemning modern art and architecture, supplied much of the basis for Adolf Hitler's belief that classical Greece and the Middle Ages were the true sources of Aryan art.

Long after his death, the German General Staff officers of the Interwar and World War II period, particularly General Hans von Seeckt, recognized an intellectual debt to Schlieffen theories during the development of the Blitzkrieg doctrine.

* Wallach, Jehuda L., The dogma of the battle of annihilation: the theories of Clausewitz and Schlieffen and their impact on the German conduct of two world wars.

However, as the Royal Navy's blockade of the German Empire was a critical direct and indirect factor in the eventual German collapse, Mahan's theories were vindicated by the First World War.